Accelerations of public transport vehicles: A method to derive representative generic pulses for passenger safety testing

Kraśna, Simon

doi:10.3389/ffutr.2023.931780

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Since our volunteers were unrestrained, the authors decided to include the minimum value used in the aforementioned works (4 m/s 2 ) to prevent possible injuries during testing. The selected deceleration value aligns with emergency braking scenarios simulated in bus studies ( De Graaf and Van Weperen, 1997 ; Palacio et al, 2009 ; Kirchner et al, 2014 ; Schubert et al, 2017 ; Soule et al, 2020 ; Vychytil and Špirk, 2020 ; Krašna et al, 2021 ; Keller and Krašna, 2023 ), where decelerations typically range from 1 to 4 m/s 2 . The deceleration profile of the autonomous vehicle during emergency braking was confirmed using an accelerometer (MAHA VZM 300) installed on the bus, as illustrated in Figure 1 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Kinematic analysis of an unrestrained passenger in an autonomous vehicle during emergency braking

Santos-Cuadros,

Page del Pozo,

Álvarez-Caldas

et al. 2024

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Analyzing human body movement is a critical aspect of biomechanical studies in road safety. While most studies have traditionally focused on assessing the head-neck system due to the restraint provided by seat belts, it is essential to examine the entire pelvis-thorax-head kinematic chain when these body regions are free to move. The absence of restraint systems is prevalent in public transport and is also being considered for future integration into autonomous vehicles operating at low speeds. This article presents an experimental study examining the movement of the pelvis, thorax and head of 18 passengers seated without seat belts during emergency braking in an autonomous bus. The movement was recorded using a video analysis system capturing 100 frames per second. Reflective markers were placed on the knee, pelvis, lumbar region, thorax, neck and head, enabling precise measurement of the movement of each body segment and the joints of the lumbar and cervical spine. Various kinematic variables, including angles, displacements, angular velocities and accelerations, were measured. The results delineate distinct phases of body movement during braking and elucidate the coordination and sequentiality of pelvis, thorax and head rotation. Additionally, the study reveals correlations between pelvic rotation, lumbar flexion, and vertical trunk movement, shedding light on their potential impact on neck compression. Notably, it is observed that the elevation of the C7 vertebra is more closely linked to pelvic tilt than lumbar flexion. Furthermore, the study identifies that the maximum angular acceleration of the head and the maximum tangential force occur during the trunk’s rebound against the seatback once the vehicle comes to a complete stop. However, these forces are found to be insufficient to cause neck injury. While this study serves as a preliminary investigation, its findings underscore the need to incorporate complete trunk kinematics, particularly of the pelvis, into braking and impact studies, rather than solely focusing on the head-neck system, as is common in most research endeavors.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Kinematic analysis of an unrestrained passenger in an autonomous vehicle during emergency braking

Santos-Cuadros,

Page del Pozo,

Álvarez-Caldas

et al. 2024

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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“…The interesting dimensions emerging from the review of best practices are that the time of entry into the automation era and the degree to which automation has made inroads into the various transport modes are not synchronous or uniform. For instance, some European ports such as Rotterdam were highly automated already by the mid-1990s, around the time driverless automated trains across European airports had long ceased to be a novelty (Muller, 2007;Keller and Krašna, 2023). Ηowever, with the start of the 2020s, onboard automation has advanced comparatively little in airline operations and merchant shipping.…”

Section: General Drivers Defining the Future Role Of Transport Workforcementioning

confidence: 99%

Adapting to the future: examining the impact of transport automation and digitalization on the labor force through the perspectives of stakeholders in all transport sectors

Polydoropoulou

Thanopoulou

Karakikes

et al. 2023

Front. Future Transp.

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Automation in transport and digitalization will affect both transport users and its workforce. Focusing on the latter, this paper aims at analyzing barriers, gaps, opportunities, and success and failure factors of transport automation on the labor force, through the perceptions and contributions of employees and employers, as well as of stakeholders from the private, public, and private–public sectors. In a nutshell, the study aims to understand workforce-related barriers and facilitators associated with the implementation of automation. This has been achieved through input derived from the organization of five focus groups, one poll and one extensive questionnaire survey administered to the participants of the 2nd WE-TRANSFORM EU H2020 funded project Workshop, and to project partners’ stakeholder contacts. The analysis of the results indicated that the transport sector’s automation has been evolving at a different pace per sector. An interesting conclusion is that the challenges do not concern all categories among the workforce in the same way. Challenges related to loss of jobs and related repercussions are bound to affect groups within the workforce, which may be constrained by regulatory age limits, or vulnerable, if in part-time employment without access to retraining, which may be the case of workforce members near retirement age or of women limited due to family obligations to part-time employment. The study’s limitations are related to the size of the sample and how representative it is of all stakeholders in the transport sector, including policymakers, regulators, and unions. Future directions should focus on exploring the long-term impacts of automation on the labor force and identify strategies to mitigate the negative effects on vulnerable groups.

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“…The reference values for constants in (i) to iii) were determined based on information from experts and personal experience. Acceleration and deceleration values were set according to reference values from the related literature [45][46][47] and the personal experience in the public transportation system of Montevideo. Larger than standard values were considered, taking into account that in Montevideo, buses have no exclusive infrastructure and shares lines with private transportation, which often lead to abrupt acceleration and deceleration.…”

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confidence: 99%

Optimized Design of a Backbone Network for Public Transportation in Montevideo, Uruguay

Risso,

Nesmachnow,

Faller

2023

Sustainability

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This article presents the application of exact and metaheuristic approaches to the problem of designing the backbone network of a hierarchically public transportation system for Montevideo, Uruguay. This is a very relevant problem in nowadays smart cities, as it accounts for many social and environmental impacts and also affects the dynamics of the cities. The design of the proposed backbone network is conceived in combination with the bus network, with the main objective of improving the overall quality of service and reducing travel times. Three different variants of the problem are solved, considering different design premises. Exact solvers are proposed for simpler variants of the problem, which account for maximum resilience and bounded travel times. An evolutionary algorithm is proposed for a multiobjectie version of the problem that optimizes cost and quality of service. The main results indicate that the computed optimized designs provide reduced end-to-end travel times, which improve up to five times over the current system, and are economically viable to be implemented.

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Accelerations of public transport vehicles: A method to derive representative generic pulses for passenger safety testing

Cited by 3 publications

References 26 publications

Kinematic analysis of an unrestrained passenger in an autonomous vehicle during emergency braking

Kinematic analysis of an unrestrained passenger in an autonomous vehicle during emergency braking

Adapting to the future: examining the impact of transport automation and digitalization on the labor force through the perspectives of stakeholders in all transport sectors

Optimized Design of a Backbone Network for Public Transportation in Montevideo, Uruguay

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