“…and iron together are different from chemical and biological clogging processes alone. Previous studies in clogging mechanisms during MAR have mainly focused on single clogging mechanisms (Cao et al, 2019; Cui et al, 2018; Dillon and Pavelic, 1996; Jeong et al, 2018). The mechanisms of combined bio‐chemical clogging induced by different materials has been poorly reported to date.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Notably, all three clogging processes tend to be interrelated in many cases, making it necessary to evaluate their contribution as a whole (Baveye et al, 1998; Beek, 2018; Burte et al, 2019; Camprovin et al, 2017; Cui et al, 2018; Fernández Escalante, 2015; Moser et al, 2021; Rinck‐Pfeiffer et al, 2000; Sarmin and Kazi Matin, 2014). Most studies to date have focused on single clogging processes and quantitative evaluation by numerical modelling (Bustos Medina et al, 2013; Kang et al, 2020; Lu, 2009; Martin, 2013; Moser et al, 2021; Skolasińska, 2006; Torkzaban et al, 2015; Xia et al, 2014).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The bio‐clogging process is influenced by a number of factors including dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (Baveye et al, 1998), aerobic and anaerobic conditions (Nielsen et al, 1996), nutrient (N and P) concentrations (Xia et al, 2014), C/N ratios (Miqueleto et al, 2010), pH (Zheng et al, 2022), ionic strength (Zhao et al, 2019), temperature and flow velocities (Sasidharan et al, 2017). In addition, for some inorganic species like calcium (Ca 2+ ) (Wang et al, 2011), iron (Fe 2+ ) (Cai et al, 2007; Yu et al, 2017), aluminium (Al 3+ ) (Cui et al, 2018) and ionic strength also affects bacterial growth, attachment and retention to aquifer media (Ramezanian et al, 2018).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Iron–hydroxide induced clogging is considered as the most common cause of chemical clogging in MAR (Bouwer, 2002; Bustos Medina et al, 2013; Houben and Treskatis, 2007; Martin, 2013; Moorman et al, 2020; Moser et al, 2021; Sun and Xu, 1980; Zhang et al, 2021). However, clogging processes rarely occur alone, biological clogging is most often combined with physical or chemical clogging during MAR (Baveye et al, 1998; Beek, 2018; Burte et al, 2019; Camprovin et al, 2017; Cui et al, 2018; Fernández Escalante, 2015; Moser et al, 2021; Rinck‐Pfeiffer et al, 2000; Sarmin and Kazi Matin, 2014). Although there have been some studies of the mechanisms of combined clogging, such as physical–biological clogging (Cui et al, 2021; Wang et al, 2020) and bio–chemical clogging (Martin, 2013; Moser et al, 2021), the interactions between different clogging mechanisms are still largely unknown.…”
Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is increasingly being adopted to improve water security internationally. However, clogging during MAR remains one of the greatest challenges for sustainable operations. This study examines the effects of iron on biological clogging processes using column experiments and suggests management options. The results indicated that the presence of iron limits the transport of bacteria through the column, and that concentrations <10 mg/L are correlated with increased bacterial growth. Conversely, the increased viscosity of biofilm subsequently limits the transport of iron through the column. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that large iron-Pseudomonas sp. flocs formed which occupied the sand pore spaces. The effect of iron induced chemical clogging was most notable in the initial stage of the experiment while bio-clogging dominated later. There are many recommended values of iron concentration in water recharge, most of them are advised from the point of pollution perspective. Based on these laboratory results, iron concentrations in recharge water for MAR should be <0.3 mg/L to mitigate clogging effects. Furthermore, using noncorrodible materials for bore screen and pumps, and avoiding external oxidant inputs should be considered to prevent iron related chemical and biological clogging.
“…and iron together are different from chemical and biological clogging processes alone. Previous studies in clogging mechanisms during MAR have mainly focused on single clogging mechanisms (Cao et al, 2019; Cui et al, 2018; Dillon and Pavelic, 1996; Jeong et al, 2018). The mechanisms of combined bio‐chemical clogging induced by different materials has been poorly reported to date.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Notably, all three clogging processes tend to be interrelated in many cases, making it necessary to evaluate their contribution as a whole (Baveye et al, 1998; Beek, 2018; Burte et al, 2019; Camprovin et al, 2017; Cui et al, 2018; Fernández Escalante, 2015; Moser et al, 2021; Rinck‐Pfeiffer et al, 2000; Sarmin and Kazi Matin, 2014). Most studies to date have focused on single clogging processes and quantitative evaluation by numerical modelling (Bustos Medina et al, 2013; Kang et al, 2020; Lu, 2009; Martin, 2013; Moser et al, 2021; Skolasińska, 2006; Torkzaban et al, 2015; Xia et al, 2014).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The bio‐clogging process is influenced by a number of factors including dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (Baveye et al, 1998), aerobic and anaerobic conditions (Nielsen et al, 1996), nutrient (N and P) concentrations (Xia et al, 2014), C/N ratios (Miqueleto et al, 2010), pH (Zheng et al, 2022), ionic strength (Zhao et al, 2019), temperature and flow velocities (Sasidharan et al, 2017). In addition, for some inorganic species like calcium (Ca 2+ ) (Wang et al, 2011), iron (Fe 2+ ) (Cai et al, 2007; Yu et al, 2017), aluminium (Al 3+ ) (Cui et al, 2018) and ionic strength also affects bacterial growth, attachment and retention to aquifer media (Ramezanian et al, 2018).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Iron–hydroxide induced clogging is considered as the most common cause of chemical clogging in MAR (Bouwer, 2002; Bustos Medina et al, 2013; Houben and Treskatis, 2007; Martin, 2013; Moorman et al, 2020; Moser et al, 2021; Sun and Xu, 1980; Zhang et al, 2021). However, clogging processes rarely occur alone, biological clogging is most often combined with physical or chemical clogging during MAR (Baveye et al, 1998; Beek, 2018; Burte et al, 2019; Camprovin et al, 2017; Cui et al, 2018; Fernández Escalante, 2015; Moser et al, 2021; Rinck‐Pfeiffer et al, 2000; Sarmin and Kazi Matin, 2014). Although there have been some studies of the mechanisms of combined clogging, such as physical–biological clogging (Cui et al, 2021; Wang et al, 2020) and bio–chemical clogging (Martin, 2013; Moser et al, 2021), the interactions between different clogging mechanisms are still largely unknown.…”
Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is increasingly being adopted to improve water security internationally. However, clogging during MAR remains one of the greatest challenges for sustainable operations. This study examines the effects of iron on biological clogging processes using column experiments and suggests management options. The results indicated that the presence of iron limits the transport of bacteria through the column, and that concentrations <10 mg/L are correlated with increased bacterial growth. Conversely, the increased viscosity of biofilm subsequently limits the transport of iron through the column. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that large iron-Pseudomonas sp. flocs formed which occupied the sand pore spaces. The effect of iron induced chemical clogging was most notable in the initial stage of the experiment while bio-clogging dominated later. There are many recommended values of iron concentration in water recharge, most of them are advised from the point of pollution perspective. Based on these laboratory results, iron concentrations in recharge water for MAR should be <0.3 mg/L to mitigate clogging effects. Furthermore, using noncorrodible materials for bore screen and pumps, and avoiding external oxidant inputs should be considered to prevent iron related chemical and biological clogging.
“…Additionally, the process of suspended solids migration in the medium further determines the seepage process variation. The clogging type of MAR projects mainly includes physical, chemical, biological, and combined clogging (Wang et al 2012;Cui et al 2018Cui et al , 2021Xian et al 2019). Notably, previous surveys have indicated that aquifer clogging caused by suspended particles is the primary clogging case (Fetzer et al 2017;Xie et al 2020).…”
A two-dimensional sand tank model was designed to investigate the water distribution and sediment clogging of the Yellow River water during the seepage recharge process of the piedmont sand gravel channel in the North China Plain. Due to the high permeability of sand gravel medium, only infiltration deep runoff (IDR) and surface runoff (SR) occurred in the sand tank experiment. The increase in water released did not improve the effective recharge. The IDR accounted for 65%–85% of the water released. After clogging appeared, the value decreased to 15%–30%. More than 96% of suspended solids were deposited in the surface and upper areas of the sand tank, among which the sand gravel surface covered by the thin clay layer formed by suspended particles was the main cause of the change in the distribution of IDR and SR. A rubber dam can promote the conversion of high velocity SR to low velocity lateral shallow runoff (LSR) by 25%–30% while increasing the deposition mass of suspended particles in the sand tank. The rationality of the sand tank model was verified by the numerical model, and the fitting degree between the simulated and the measured results was greater than 0.9.
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