Accelerating rates of Arctic carbon cycling revealed by long-term atmospheric CO
            <sub>2</sub>
            measurements

Jeong, Sooyeon; Bloom, A. Anthony; Schimel, David; Sweeney, Colm; Parazoo, Nicholas C.; Medvigy, D.; Schaepman‐Strub, Gabriela; Chen, Kewei; Schwalm, Christopher R.; Huntzinger, D. N.; Michalak, A. M.; Miller, Charles E.

doi:10.1126/sciadv.aao1167

Cited by 78 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…Similar to a previous analysis (Commane et al, ; Jeong et al, ), we also found warming significantly increased cold season respiration during the 2015/2016 El Niño year, which offset carbon uptake enhancement from earlier growing season onset and warmer temperatures during the subsequent spring within the ABoVE domain. If a faster rate of cold season warming unfolds as predicted, the magnitude and duration of cold season respiration carbon loss will be greatly enhanced (Natali et al, ; Webb et al, ; Zona et al, ), and potentially switch high‐latitude ecosystems from a net carbon sink to a carbon source, thereby reinforcing a positive carbon–climate feedback in the Earth system (Huang et al, ; Koven et al, ; Schaefer, Lantuit, Romanovsky, Schuur, & Witt, ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Climate warming has lengthened the growing season and contributed to high‐latitude greening that has greatly enhanced photosynthetic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) uptake in the Northern Hemisphere over the past five decades (Ciais et al, ). However, high‐latitude ecosystem warming also has the potential to enhance the decomposition of vast quantities of soil organic matter stored in permafrost soils, increasing soil carbon losses to the atmosphere, and reinforcing further climate warming (Commane et al, ; Jeong et al, ; Piao et al, ). The timing and magnitude of these photosynthetic and respiration responses to climate change have the potential to alter ecosystem carbon dynamics, and the magnitude and seasonality of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations (Anderegg et al, ; Graven et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent satellite observations over northern ecosystems have confirmed widespread moisture stress–induced decline in late growing season productivity offsetting productivity gains from warmer springs (Buermann et al, ), although uncertainty in the spatial pattern and magnitude of such seasonal compensations remains (Richardson et al, ). Late season respiration can either be enhanced due to increased labile organic matter availability (Commane et al, ) and higher soil organic carbon (SOC) turnover rate (Jeong et al, ), or reduced due to soil moisture limitation. Depending on the sensitivity of productivity and respiration to climate and environmental change, net CO 2 uptake during the late growing season can either increase (Keenan et al, ) or decrease (Wolf et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Increased high‐latitude photosynthetic carbon gain offset by respiration carbon loss during an anomalous warm winter to spring transition

Liu

Kimball

Parazoo

et al. 2019

Global Change Biology

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Arctic and boreal ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon (C) budget, and whether they act as a future net C sink or source depends on climate and environmental change. Here, we used complementary in situ measurements, model simulations, and satellite observations to investigate the net carbon dioxide (CO2) seasonal cycle and its climatic and environmental controls across Alaska and northwestern Canada during the anomalously warm winter to spring conditions of 2015 and 2016 (relative to 2010–2014). In the warm spring, we found that photosynthesis was enhanced more than respiration, leading to greater CO2 uptake. However, photosynthetic enhancement from spring warming was partially offset by greater ecosystem respiration during the preceding anomalously warm winter, resulting in nearly neutral effects on the annual net CO2 balance. Eddy covariance CO2 flux measurements showed that air temperature has a primary influence on net CO2 exchange in winter and spring, while soil moisture has a primary control on net CO2 exchange in the fall. The net CO2 exchange was generally more moisture limited in the boreal region than in the Arctic tundra. Our analysis indicates complex seasonal interactions of underlying C cycle processes in response to changing climate and hydrology that may not manifest in changes in net annual CO2 exchange. Therefore, a better understanding of the seasonal response of C cycle processes may provide important insights for predicting future carbon–climate feedbacks and their consequences on atmospheric CO2 dynamics in the northern high latitudes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Increased high‐latitude photosynthetic carbon gain offset by respiration carbon loss during an anomalous warm winter to spring transition

Liu

Kimball

Parazoo

et al. 2019

Global Change Biology

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“…, Commane et al. ; Jeong et al., ). An increase in carbon storage in the maritime forest region of Alaska during recent decades has been estimated using forest inventory data from the region (U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, Commane et al. ; Jeong et al., ). Fire disturbance has also been identified as an important factor that can affect carbon balance of tundra (Mack et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing historical and projected carbon balance of Alaska: A synthesis of results and policy/management implications

McGuire

Genet

Lyu

et al. 2018

Ecological Applications

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We summarize the results of a recent interagency assessment of land carbon dynamics in Alaska, in which carbon dynamics were estimated for all major terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems for the historical period (1950-2009) and a projection period (2010-2099). Between 1950 and 2009, upland and wetland (i.e., terrestrial) ecosystems of the state gained 0.4 Tg C/yr (0.1% of net primary production, NPP), resulting in a cumulative greenhouse gas radiative forcing of 1.68 × 10 W/m . The change in carbon storage is spatially variable with the region of the Northwest Boreal Landscape Conservation Cooperative (LCC) losing carbon because of fire disturbance. The combined carbon transport via various pathways through inland aquatic ecosystems of Alaska was estimated to be 41.3 Tg C/yr (17% of terrestrial NPP). During the projection period (2010-2099), carbon storage of terrestrial ecosystems of Alaska was projected to increase (22.5-70.0 Tg C/yr), primarily because of NPP increases of 10-30% associated with responses to rising atmospheric CO , increased nitrogen cycling, and longer growing seasons. Although carbon emissions to the atmosphere from wildfire and wetland CH were projected to increase for all of the climate projections, the increases in NPP more than compensated for those losses at the statewide level. Carbon dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems continue to warm the climate for four of the six future projections and cool the climate for only one of the projections. The attribution analyses we conducted indicated that the response of NPP in terrestrial ecosystems to rising atmospheric CO (~5% per 100 ppmv CO ) saturates as CO increases (between approximately +150 and +450 ppmv among projections). This response, along with the expectation that permafrost thaw would be much greater and release large quantities of permafrost carbon after 2100, suggests that projected carbon gains in terrestrial ecosystems of Alaska may not be sustained. From a national perspective, inclusion of all of Alaska in greenhouse gas inventory reports would ensure better accounting of the overall greenhouse gas balance of the nation and provide a foundation for considering mitigation activities in areas that are accessible enough to support substantive deployment.

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How Well Do We Understand the Land-Ocean-Atmosphere Carbon Cycle?

Crisp

Dolman

Tanhua

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Since the beginning of the industrial age, human activities have increased the atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) to levels never before seen in human history. These large increases are driving climate change because CO 2 is an efficient greenhouse gas with atmospheric residence times spanning years to millennia (see Box 6.1 of Ciais et al. [2013]). Bottom-up statistical inventories indicate that fossil fuel combustion, industry, agriculture, forestry, and other human activities are now adding more than 11.5 Pg of carbon (Pg C) to the atmosphere each year (Friedlingstein et al., 2019(Friedlingstein et al., , 2020(Friedlingstein et al., , 2021. Direct measurements of CO 2 in the atmosphere and in air bubbles in ice cores (Etheridge et al., 1996) indicate that human activities have increased the globally averaged atmospheric CO 2 dry air mole fraction from less than 277 parts

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Accelerating rates of Arctic carbon cycling revealed by long-term atmospheric CO ₂ measurements

Abstract: Atmospheric CO2 observations reveal a decrease in Arctic ecosystem carbon residence time over the past four decades.

Cited by 78 publications

References 44 publications

Increased high‐latitude photosynthetic carbon gain offset by respiration carbon loss during an anomalous warm winter to spring transition

Increased high‐latitude photosynthetic carbon gain offset by respiration carbon loss during an anomalous warm winter to spring transition

Assessing historical and projected carbon balance of Alaska: A synthesis of results and policy/management implications

How Well Do We Understand the Land-Ocean-Atmosphere Carbon Cycle?

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Accelerating rates of Arctic carbon cycling revealed by long-term atmospheric CO 2 measurements

Abstract: Atmospheric CO2 observations reveal a decrease in Arctic ecosystem carbon residence time over the past four decades.

Cited by 78 publications

References 44 publications

Increased high‐latitude photosynthetic carbon gain offset by respiration carbon loss during an anomalous warm winter to spring transition

Increased high‐latitude photosynthetic carbon gain offset by respiration carbon loss during an anomalous warm winter to spring transition

Assessing historical and projected carbon balance of Alaska: A synthesis of results and policy/management implications

How Well Do We Understand the Land-Ocean-Atmosphere Carbon Cycle?

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Accelerating rates of Arctic carbon cycling revealed by long-term atmospheric CO ₂ measurements