“…On the one hand, advanced electrocatalyst materials are designed to accelerate the speed of OER. On the other hand, a simpler small molecule electrooxidation reaction with low electrode potential is employed to assist the anode OER in enhancing the hydrolysis energy conversion efficiency, such as glucose and urea. − Currently, urea oxidation (UOR) has proven to be a promising anodic reaction (CO(NH 2 ) 2 + 6OH – → N 2 + 5H 2 O + CO 2 + 6e – ), which has an ultralow potential (0.37 V vs RHE) . In addition, the products of UOR are only nontoxic N 2 and CO 2 , thus mitigating the safety risk posed by mixtures of H 2 and O 2 , on the other hand, urea oxidation can also be used for the treatment of urine-containing waste liquid. , To date, Pt, Ru, Ir, and other precious metal electrocatalysts are recognized as the most advanced HER, OER, and UOR electrocatalysts, which significantly cut the production cost of H 2 and improve the combined water electrolysis efficiencies. − Unfortunately, due to the expensive costs of the precious metals, the large-scale application of these precious metals in industrial production has been seriously hindered .…”