"Accelerated Starvation" and the Skipped Breakfast in Late Normal Pregnancy

Metzger, Boyd E.; Vileisis, Rita A.; Ravnikar, Veronica A.; Freinkel, Norbert

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(82)91750-0

Cited by 234 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…It is believed that in utero exposure to glucocorticoids such as cortisol leads to a reprogramming of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA), which is linked with not only type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure but also cognitive impairment (Kapoor et al, 2006;Seckl and Holmes, 2007). Metzger et al (1982) were one of the very first to document the high level of ketones, free fatty acids and low glucose levels in pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women after 12 hours of nighttime fasting. Meis, Rose and Swain (1984) showed that daytime fasting for eight hours leads to symptoms that are as severe as those reported in Metzger et al (1982).…”

Section: Evidence On First Stage Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The persistent effects of in utero nutrition shocks over the life cycle: Evidence from Ramadan fasting

Majid

2015

Journal of Development Economics

100

101

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Section: Evidence On First Stage Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The persistent effects of in utero nutrition shocks over the life cycle: Evidence from Ramadan fasting

Majid

2015

Journal of Development Economics

100

101

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“…starvation" (Metzger et al 1982). Declines in glucose levels as a result of overnight fasts of 10 to 12 hours in length have been observed in women as early as the sixth to tenth weeks of pregnancy (Mills et al 1998).…”

Section: B Mazumder and Z Seeskinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Appendix we use a second outcome that is an indicator variable for whether the estimated length of the overnight fast is greater than 16 hours. Metzger et al (1982) show that there are sharp declines in blood glucose and other pronounced biochemical changes in the intrauterine environment ("accelerated starvation") when pregnant women extend the overnight fast beyond 16 hours. We use both graphical plots and multivariate ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions to show the effect of extreme commutes on the probability of skipping breakfast.…”

Section: Atus Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pregnant women who extend the overnight fast by skipping breakfast experience a sharp drop in glucose levels and other associated biochemical changes referred to as "accelerated 188 B. Mazumder and Z. Seeskin starvation" (Metzger et al 1982). Declines in glucose levels as a result of overnight fasts of 10 to 12 hours in length have been observed in women as early as the sixth to tenth weeks of pregnancy (Mills et al 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Breakfast Skipping, Extreme Commutes, and the Sex Composition at Birth

Mazumder

Seeskin

2015

Biodemography and Social Biology

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A growing body of literature has shown that environmental exposures in the period around conception can affect the sex ratio at birth through selective attrition that favors the survival of female conceptuses. Glucose availability is considered a key indicator of the fetal environment, and its absence as a result of meal skipping may inhibit male survival. We hypothesize that breakfast skipping during pregnancy may lead to a reduction in the fraction of male births. Using time use data from the United States we show that women with commute times of 90 minutes or longer are 20 percentage points more likely to skip breakfast. Using U.S. census data we show that women with commute times of 90 minutes or longer are 1.2 percentage points less likely to have a male child under the age of 2. Under some assumptions, this implies that routinely skipping breakfast around the time of conception leads to a 6 percentage point reduction in the probability of a male child. Skipping breakfast during pregnancy may therefore constitute a poor environment for fetal health more generally. IntroductionBreakfast skipping is a common and growing phenomenon among American women. Approximately 40 percent of women of childbearing age are attempting to lose weight (Cohen and Kim 2009), and rates of breakfast skipping have grown steadily over time, especially for adolescent women (Haines, Guilkey, and Popkin 1996;Siega-Riz, Popkin, and Carson 1998). Holtzman (2010) finds that 75 percent of women aged 18 to 26 skip breakfast at least one day a week, 58 percent skip breakfast at least four days a week, and 29 percent skip breakfast every day. Using detailed time use data we find that on a given day, 51 percent of employed women between the ages of 15 and 45 report not eating between the hours of 5 a.m. and 10 a.m. 1 Even among pregnant women, 24 percent report skipping meals (Siega-Riz et al. 2001).Given the vast and growing literature documenting the profound and lasting effects of the prenatal environment on long-term health and socioeconomic success (e.g., Almond and Currie 2011), one might be concerned that the rising incidence of breakfast skipping among women of childbearing age might have important intergenerational ramifications. Pregnant women who extend the overnight fast by skipping breakfast experience a sharp drop in glucose levels and other associated biochemical changes referred to as "accelerated Address correspondence to Bhashkar Mazumder, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, 230 S. La Salle Street, Chicago, IL 60604, USA. E-mail: bhash.mazumder@gmail.com 1 This is based on the Eating and Health module subsample of the data, which includes all primary and secondary activities.Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www. tandfonline.com/hsbi. 188 B. Mazumder and Z. Seeskinstarvation" (Metzger et al. 1982). Declines in glucose levels as a result of overnight fasts of 10 to 12 hours in length have been observed in women as early as the sixth to tenth weeks of pregnancy (Mills et al. 1998)....

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Accelerated starvation is noticed in pregnant women compared with nonpregnant women after only 12 hours of fasting. 6 After a period of fasting for 13 hours or more, maternal corticotrophin-releasing hormone is elevated compared with those without food for periods less than 13 hours. 7 There are few studies to discuss Ramadan fasting and its effect on neonatal health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Ramadan Fasting and Neonatal Health

Kavehmanesh

Abolghasemi

2004

J Perinatol

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This retrospective cohort study sought to determine the effects of maternal Ramadan fasting during pregnancy on neonatal birth weight as an important aspect of fetal health. It was carried out among healthy women who were admitted for their neonate delivery at two medical centers in Tehran from January to September 2000. Neonates of 284 mothers with a history of Ramadan fasting during pregnancy were compared with neonates of 255 mothers who did not have a history of fasting during their pregnancies. On univariate analysis, neonatal birth weight of the fasted group was 100 g more than those of the nonfasted group (p ¼ 0.009). However, body mass index (BMI) of the fasted mothers was greater than that of the nonfasted mothers. When controlling for maternal BMI on neonatal birth weight, multiple linear regression models showed that neonates of fasted women were 71 g heavier than those of the nonfasted group, which was not statistically significant (p ¼ 0.1). We conclude that maternal fasting during Ramadan did not have a significant effect on the neonatal birth weight. Other health effects that we did not observe could have occurred.

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"Accelerated Starvation" and the Skipped Breakfast in Late Normal Pregnancy

Cited by 234 publications

References 22 publications

The persistent effects of in utero nutrition shocks over the life cycle: Evidence from Ramadan fasting

The persistent effects of in utero nutrition shocks over the life cycle: Evidence from Ramadan fasting

Breakfast Skipping, Extreme Commutes, and the Sex Composition at Birth

Maternal Ramadan Fasting and Neonatal Health

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