Accelerated Skeletal Development From Thyrotoxicosis and Thyroid Overdosage in Childhood

Schlesinger, Bernard; Fisher, O. D.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(51)93282-5

Cited by 34 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Thyroxine is incapable of accelerating growth in hypophysectomized animals (Paschkis et al, 1958). Zeckwer et al (1935) showed that thyroidectomy produced a loss of anterior pituitary eosinophil cells, which, however, reappeared after administration of thyroxine (Moncrieff, 1947 ;Schlesinger and Fisher, 1951 ;Wilkins, 1957). Hubble (1957) claims good effect on growth in an uncontrolled trial by using thyroxine together with testosterone in hypopituitary dwarfism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyrotoxicosis and gigantism associated with "Klinefelter's syndrome".

Greene¹,

Singer²

1965

BMJ

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Psychiatric Referrals-Bearcroft and Donovan BRITISH 1523 panic-reaction described by Lambo (1962) as the "malignant anxiety state"; two cases required to be nursed in a padded room in prison, both being finally unconvicted of sexual offences; the panic reaction appeared to stem directly from the arrest. The precipitation of schizophreniform episodes in prison is also worthy of comment; five cases illustrated this with sudden hallucinations and delusions, deriving from the stress of imprisonment.Magistrates seem unable to tolerate much psychiatric disturbance in court. The indifference and inattention of the schizophrenic are sometimes regarded as wanton behaviour, and a mild hypomanic outburst is treated as contempt of court. ConclusionsThe large majority of men referred for psychiatric report and seen by. me in 1963 suffered from schizophrenia (40%) and personality disorders (39%). Neurotic states, especially depression and anxiety, were a common complication of psychopathy. Hypomania was not uncommon, nor were panic reactions in coloured men reacting to stress. Social factors contributed to the incidence of criminal behaviour in the mentally ill; the offence was often a cry for help and was committed when the men felt that they needed treatment or when they, or their relatives for them, were unable to obtain it. Ten per cent. of the homeless who were referred had left good homes on account of their illness and had drifted into a state of social isolation, confirming the views of many psychiatrists regarding the drift of schizophrenic patients. The understanding of the mentally ill by police and the courts still seems poor, and the strict operation of the law in regard to these patients appears to be cumbersome. The period in remand in prison might be better used for a fuller psychiatric and social assessment, and treatment facilities in prison seem urgently needed.The treatment recommended by psychiatrists and prison medical officers is often in the nature of social rehabilitation, which is difficult to arrange from prison, often necessitating hospital admission in the absence of hostel accommodation. The role of the psychiatrist in making recommendations to courts is to suggest disposal of a patient rather than to determine the degree of responsibility for his offence. The number of men coming to the out-patient department after a psychiatric interview in prison but without a specific recommendation for treatment being made to the courts is noteworthy. Many more of those with personality disorders could have been admitted to hospital at the time had treatment facilities been available. SummaryA study of 146 consecutive men who were referred from courts and prisons for a psychiatric opinion in one year is reported. Medical and social aspects are discussed. The most common diagnostic categories were schizophrenia (40%) and personality disorders (39%)-the latter often associated with neurotic reactions. Frequently more than one diagnosis was made; or an intractable social problem was apparent which seemed to con...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyrotoxicosis and gigantism associated with "Klinefelter's syndrome".

Greene¹,

Singer²

1965

BMJ

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“…Thyroxine administration to rats leads to premature acceleration of the differentiation of long bones (2). Human fetal thyrotoxicosis as well as thyrotoxicosis and thyroid overdosage in children are accompanied by advanced skeletal maturation (15,16).…”

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confidence: 99%

Triiodothyronine stimulates maturation of porcine growth-plate cartilage in vitro.

Burch¹

1982

J. Clin. Invest.

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A B S T R A C T We studied the effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on mammalian growth-plate cartilage in vitro. Growth-plate cartilages from fetal pigs scapulae were incubated for 3 or 7 d in serum-free medium alone or medium containing T3. Alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker of hypertrophied chondrocytes, was increased in T3 (10 nM)-treated growth-plate cartilage 152±36% above that of cartilage incubated in medium alone after 3 d of incubation, and 324±47% after 7 d of incubation. There was a dose-response increase in alkaline phosphatase activity to T3 over the range of 0.01-10 nM. The rise in alkaline phosphatase activity was specific for T3 since growth-plate cartilage alkaline phosphatase activity was not increased by cortisol, insulin, parathyroid hormone, or 5% fetal calf serum. Histological studies of growth-plate cartilage showed that T3 in a concentration-dependent manner increased the width of the zone of maturation (hypertrophied chondrocytes). Histochemical staining for alkaline phosphatase activity demonstrated that T3 caused the recruitment of new cells into the zone of maturation. T3 also stimulated incorporation of L-[3H]leucine into protein and 35SO4 into proteoglycan in growth-plate cartilage. In contrast, T3 did not increase alkaline phosphatase activity or radiolabeled precursor incorporation into nongrowth-plate scapular cartilage. These studies demonstrate that T3 directly stimulates maturation and, to a lesser degree, growthrelated processes in fetal mammalian growth-plate cartilage.

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“…Childhood hypothyroidism results in short stature, bone age delay, skeletal dysplasia, and delayed dental development, with abnormally thin growth plates and impaired chondrocyte hypertrophy (3). Hypothyroid rats display a disorganized growth plate with a decreased hypertrophic zone (4) short stature due to premature fusion of the growth plates (5). T 3 is thus a positive regulator of cartilage maturation, stimulating the clonal expansion of resting chondrocytes and their subsequent hypertrophic differentiation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Chondrocytes Play a Major Role in the Stimulation of Bone Growth by Thyroid Hormone

et al. 2014

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Thyroid hormone (T3) is required for postnatal skeletal growth. It exerts its effect by binding to nuclear receptors, TRs including TRα1 and TRβ1, which are present in most cell types. These cell types include chondrocytes and osteoblasts, the interactions of which are known to regulate endochondral bone formation. In order to analyze the respective functions of T3 stimulation in chondrocytes and osteoblasts during postnatal growth, we use Cre/loxP recombination to express a dominant-negative TRα1(L400R) mutant receptor in a cell-specific manner. Phenotype analysis revealed that inhibiting T3 response in chondrocytes is sufficient to reproduce the defects observed in hypothyroid mice, not only for cartilage maturation, but also for ossification and mineralization. TRα1(L400R) in chondrocytes also results in skull deformation. In the meantime, TRα1(L400R) expression in mature osteoblasts has no visible effect. Transcriptome analysis identifies a number of changes in gene expression induced by TRα1(L400R) in cartilage. These changes suggest that T3 normally cross talks with several other signaling pathways to promote chondrocytes proliferation, differentiation, and skeletal growth.

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Accelerated Skeletal Development From Thyrotoxicosis and Thyroid Overdosage in Childhood

Cited by 34 publications

References 4 publications

Thyrotoxicosis and gigantism associated with "Klinefelter's syndrome".

Thyrotoxicosis and gigantism associated with "Klinefelter's syndrome".

Triiodothyronine stimulates maturation of porcine growth-plate cartilage in vitro.

Chondrocytes Play a Major Role in the Stimulation of Bone Growth by Thyroid Hormone

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