Accelerated microwave curing of fibre-reinforced thermoset polymer composites for structural applications: A review of scientific challenges

Mgbemena, Chinedum Ogonna; Li, Danning; Lin, Meng‐Fang; Liddel, Paul Daniel; Katnam, K.B.; Thakur, Vijay Kumar; Nezhad, Hamed Yazdani

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.09.012

Cited by 101 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 106 publications

(187 reference statements)

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“…These properties are of priority to the main structural analysis [16,17,18]. Different techniques and manufacturing processes for particulate polymer composites are reviewed in several publications and reports, such as a comprehensive study for calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) in [9] and for a number of 2D and 3D layered nanostructures in [19,20] or for dielectric heating purposes [21]. Enhancements in different mechanical properties have been addressed in [9] with the addition of a few weight percentage (wt %) of carbon nanomaterials, e.g., carbon nanotubes, because in thermosetting resins inorganic particles were found to be imperative fillers/reinforcement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Morphological Changes due to Increasing Carbon Nanoparticles Content on the Quasi-Static Mechanical Response of Epoxy Resin

Nezhad

Thakur

2018

Polymers

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Mechanical failure in epoxy polymer and composites leads them to commonly be referred to as inherently brittle due to the presence of polymerization-induced microcrack and microvoids, which are barriers to high-performance applications, e.g., in aerospace structures. Numerous studies have been carried out on epoxy’s strengthening and toughening via nanomaterial reinforcement, e.g., using rubber nanoparticles in the epoxy matrix of new composite aircraft. However, extremely cautious process and functionalization steps must be taken in order to achieve high-quality dispersion and bonding, the development of which is not keeping pace with large structures applications. In this article, we report our studies on the mechanical performance of an epoxy polymer reinforced with graphite carbon nanoparticles (CNPs), and the possible effects arising from a straightforward, rapid stir-mixing technique. The CNPs were embedded in a low viscosity epoxy resin, with the CNP weight percentage (wt %) being varied between 1% and 5%. Simplified stirring embedment was selected in the interests of industrial process facilitation, and functionalization was avoided to reduce the number of parameters involved in the study. Embedment conditions and timing were held constant for all wt %. The CNP filled epoxy resin was then injected into an aluminum mold and cured under vacuum conditions at 80 °C for 12 h. A series of test specimens were then extracted from the mold, and tested under uniaxial quasi-static tension, compression, and nanoindentation. Elementary mechanical properties including failure strain, hardness, strength, and modulus were measured. The mechanical performance was improved by the incorporation of 1 and 2 wt % of CNP but was degraded by 5 wt % CNP, mainly attributed to the morphological change, including re-agglomeration, with the increasing CNP wt %. This change strongly correlated with the mechanical response in the presence of CNP, and was the major governing mechanism leading to both mechanical improvement and degradation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Morphological Changes due to Increasing Carbon Nanoparticles Content on the Quasi-Static Mechanical Response of Epoxy Resin

Nezhad

Thakur

2018

Polymers

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“…Carbon fiber-reinforced composites (CFRCs) are increasingly utilized in a wide variety of fields such as aerospace, automotive, marine, and wind energy sectors, partially due to the excellent and unique properties of CFs such as lightweight, higher specific strength, and corrosion and environmental resistance. [1][2][3][4][5] However, the essential properties of CFRCs are often limited by the intrinsically poor properties of the matrices. To maximize the function of CF, the selection of the matrix is indispensable and highly important.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of lightweight and high-strength carbon fiber-reinforced poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalene) solid and foam composites

Chen

Zhou

Huang

2020

Advanced Composites Letters

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Poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalene) (PEN) is one of the most important engineering polymers with high performance. However, the effects and foaming behavior of carbon fiber (CF)-reinforced PEN (CFRPEN) remain to be explored. In this study, PEN was used as the matrix for CF-reinforced composites, and its foaming behavior and mechanical properties were investigated. High mechanical properties can be evaluated through comparison with other similar CF-reinforced thermoplastic composites. A fabrication method to generate lightweight and high-strength CFRPEN composites is hence proposed.

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“…The same principle is also applied for performing chemical reactions using microwaves. This technique is commonly used in fields like organic synthesis [1][2][3][4][5][6][7], complex synthesis [8], nanoparticle synthesis [9], solvent extraction [10], and polymer synthesis [11][12][13][14][15]. This process can also achieve high selectivity during synthesis and has been recognized as an excellent manufacturing tool.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermosetting properties of microwave-promoted heating of phenol-formaldehyde resin

Hashimoto

2020

SN Appl. Sci.

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Microwave-promoted heating can successfully accelerate a reaction and reduce the formation of by-products. It is also advantageous for organic synthesis because it can improve the reaction yield and opens possibilities for the development of new types of reactions. Microwave-assisted chemistry is also considered as "sustainable chemistry". In this study, the effect of microwave heating on the curing reaction of phenol-formaldehyde resin is investigated. The phenol-formaldehyde resin is a material that absorbs microwaves efficiently. It has been found that microwave heating accelerates the curing reaction of phenol-formaldehyde resin. Based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), it was found that the mechanisms of curing by traditional external heating and by microwave-promoted heating were different. The observed DSC profile showed an increase in the selectivity of the curing reaction by microwave heating, different from the curing reaction by traditional external heating. The observed results can be explained by the relative permittivity and dielectric loss tangent of each component of the phenol-formaldehyde resin.

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Accelerated microwave curing of fibre-reinforced thermoset polymer composites for structural applications: A review of scientific challenges

Cited by 101 publications

References 106 publications

Effect of Morphological Changes due to Increasing Carbon Nanoparticles Content on the Quasi-Static Mechanical Response of Epoxy Resin

Effect of Morphological Changes due to Increasing Carbon Nanoparticles Content on the Quasi-Static Mechanical Response of Epoxy Resin

Fabrication of lightweight and high-strength carbon fiber-reinforced poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalene) solid and foam composites

Thermosetting properties of microwave-promoted heating of phenol-formaldehyde resin

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