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The objective was to quantify and analyse the diversity of mites associated with native and cultivated açaí palms crops, as well as their distribution in the dry and rainy seasons in the municipalities of Bragança and Augusto Corrêa, state of Pará. Rarefaction curves were generated for diversity values using the statistical programming language R, rarefaction curves for estimates of richness and equitability and analysis of variance with permutations. A total of 2,069 mites from 28 families were sampled, being most representative Phytoseiidae (32.4%), Phytoptidae (13%), Cunaxidae (7.7%), Tetranychidae (5.6%) and Tydeidae (4.9%). Among predators, the most abundant species were Amblyseius sp. 1, Armascirus amazoniensis Wurlitzer & Silva, Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma, Scutopalus tomentosus Rocha, Skvarla & Ferla, and the phytophagous mites Acaphyllisa sp., Davisella sp., Oligonychus sp. and Retracus johnstoni Keifer. In the rainy season, more mites were sampled (n = 1,176) than in the dry season (n = 893). The greatest richness was observed in the dry period (73 species) and diversity was also greater in this period. In the municipality of Bragança there was greater richness (78 species) and the cultivated açaí trees had greater acarine abundance (74.7%) than the native ones. However, natives had slightly higher wealth (6%) than those cultivated. The diversity and richness of predatory mites show the potential of the Amazon biome to be used in applied biological control. (Santos et al. 2015). The occurrence of mite species in high populations can compromise the productivity of açaí groves, and it is important to identify arthropods that cause damage and injuries. In view of this, the need to know and identify the associated acarofauna, highlighting the phytophagous and predatory mites, is justi ed, aiming to create possibilities for alternative control of pest mites in that crop. This work aimed to understand the acarofauna associated with native açaí crops and cultivated in the dry and rainy seasons, as well as their distribution on the plant, in the municipalities of Bragança and Augusto Corrêa, state of Pará. Materials and methods Study location and sampling procedureThe study was carried Northeast of the state of Pará. The collections were carried out in commercial areas at Fazenda Alto Arajivu (coordinates 1º10'18.6''S, 46º43'49.3"W), at 41 m altitude and Sítio Jiquiri (1°03'59.8"S 46°44'40.0"W) 16 m above sea level, in areas of natural and commercial açaí cultivation in the Bragança (Bragantina microregion) and Augusto Corrêa, in the Sítio Coisas da Roça (1º03'58.91"S 46º66'23.30"W) and Fazenda Bacuri (1º04'11.10"S 46º66'33.82"W) (Fig. 1).
The objective was to quantify and analyse the diversity of mites associated with native and cultivated açaí palms crops, as well as their distribution in the dry and rainy seasons in the municipalities of Bragança and Augusto Corrêa, state of Pará. Rarefaction curves were generated for diversity values using the statistical programming language R, rarefaction curves for estimates of richness and equitability and analysis of variance with permutations. A total of 2,069 mites from 28 families were sampled, being most representative Phytoseiidae (32.4%), Phytoptidae (13%), Cunaxidae (7.7%), Tetranychidae (5.6%) and Tydeidae (4.9%). Among predators, the most abundant species were Amblyseius sp. 1, Armascirus amazoniensis Wurlitzer & Silva, Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma, Scutopalus tomentosus Rocha, Skvarla & Ferla, and the phytophagous mites Acaphyllisa sp., Davisella sp., Oligonychus sp. and Retracus johnstoni Keifer. In the rainy season, more mites were sampled (n = 1,176) than in the dry season (n = 893). The greatest richness was observed in the dry period (73 species) and diversity was also greater in this period. In the municipality of Bragança there was greater richness (78 species) and the cultivated açaí trees had greater acarine abundance (74.7%) than the native ones. However, natives had slightly higher wealth (6%) than those cultivated. The diversity and richness of predatory mites show the potential of the Amazon biome to be used in applied biological control. (Santos et al. 2015). The occurrence of mite species in high populations can compromise the productivity of açaí groves, and it is important to identify arthropods that cause damage and injuries. In view of this, the need to know and identify the associated acarofauna, highlighting the phytophagous and predatory mites, is justi ed, aiming to create possibilities for alternative control of pest mites in that crop. This work aimed to understand the acarofauna associated with native açaí crops and cultivated in the dry and rainy seasons, as well as their distribution on the plant, in the municipalities of Bragança and Augusto Corrêa, state of Pará. Materials and methods Study location and sampling procedureThe study was carried Northeast of the state of Pará. The collections were carried out in commercial areas at Fazenda Alto Arajivu (coordinates 1º10'18.6''S, 46º43'49.3"W), at 41 m altitude and Sítio Jiquiri (1°03'59.8"S 46°44'40.0"W) 16 m above sea level, in areas of natural and commercial açaí cultivation in the Bragança (Bragantina microregion) and Augusto Corrêa, in the Sítio Coisas da Roça (1º03'58.91"S 46º66'23.30"W) and Fazenda Bacuri (1º04'11.10"S 46º66'33.82"W) (Fig. 1).
Phytoseiidae is composed of essentially predatory mites most commonly found on the aerial plant parts. Presently, it is considered to contain about 2,650 valid species, divided into nearly 102 genera of three subfamilies: Amblyseiinae, Phytoseiinae and Typhlodrominae. Approximately 250 of those have been reported from Brazil. Amblyseiinae is the largest subfamily, with about 65% of the described species. This publication summarises the morphologic, taxonomic and distributional information of the Amblyseiinae reported from Brazil, in support of future research on their conservation and practical use. A total of 195 valid species of 29 genera of Amblyseiinae is listed in this publication, 121 of which were described from this country, including seven species which are most certainly incorrect reports, based on the present state of knowledge. Two new combinations are proposed: one in Amblyseius, Amblyseius malvus (Denmark & Evans), and one in Transeius, Transeius piracicabae (Denmark & Muma). Six new synonyms are proposed (Chelaseius lativentris Karg, T. piracicabae, Euseius errabundus De Leon, Typhloromalus clavicus Denmark & Muma, Typhlodromips fordycei (De Leon) and Typhlodromips mangleae De Leon, as senior synonyms of Chelaseius brazilensis Denmark & Kolodochka, Transeius gervasioi Rocha, Silva & Ferla, Euseius plaudus Denmark & Muma, Typhlodromalus simus Denmark & Muma, Typhlodromips igapo Nuvoloni, Lofego, Rezende & Feres and Typhlodromips pederosus El-Banhawy, respectively). A key is provided to help in the separation of the species reported. So far, the most diverse genera in Brazil (followed by the number of species reported) are: Amblyseius Berlese (48), Neoseiulus Hughes (23), Typhlodromips De Leon (22), Iphiseiodes De Leon (14), Amblydromalus Chant & McMurtry (13) and Euseius Wainstein (12). The highest number of species is reported from the southeastern region (119 species), followed by the northeastern (82), the northern (68), the southern (65) and the midwestern (52). The states with highest numbers of registered species are São Paulo (109), Bahia (70), Rio Grande do Sul (62), Amazonas (47), Pernambuco (44) and Minas Gerais (43), while those with lowest numbers are Rio Grande do Norte (16), Sergipe (12), Pará (12), Rondônia (7) and Amapá (5). At least in part, those differences might be related to the dedicated searching effort.
The objective was to quantify and analyse the diversity of mites associated with native and cultivated açaí palms crops, as well as their distribution in the dry and rainy seasons in the municipalities of Bragança and Augusto Corrêa, state of Pará. Rarefaction curves were generated for diversity values using the statistical programming language R, rarefaction curves for estimates of richness and equitability and analysis of variance with permutations. A total of 2,069 mites from 28 families were sampled, being most representative Phytoseiidae (32.4%), Phytoptidae (13%), Cunaxidae (7.7%), Tetranychidae (5.6%) and Tydeidae (4.9%). Among predators, the most abundant species were Amblyseius sp. 1, Armascirus amazoniensis Wurlitzer & Silva, Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma, Scutopalus tomentosus Rocha, Skvarla & Ferla, and the phytophagous mites Acaphyllisa sp., Davisella sp., Oligonychus sp. and Retracus johnstoni Keifer. In the rainy season, more mites were sampled (n = 1,176) than in the dry season (n = 893). The greatest richness was observed in the dry period (73 species) and diversity was also greater in this period. In the municipality of Bragança there was greater richness (78 species) and the cultivated açaí trees had greater acarine abundance (74.7%) than the native ones. However, natives had slightly higher wealth (6%) than those cultivated. The diversity and richness of predatory mites show the potential of the Amazon biome to be used in applied biological control.
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