Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Clinical Protocol #36: The Mastitis Spectrum, Revised 2022

Mitchell, Katrina B.; Johnson, Helen M.; Rodríguez, Juan Miguel Díaz; Eglash, Anne; Scherzinger, Charlotte; Zakarija‐Grković, Irena; Cash, Kyle Widmer; Berens, Pamela D.; Miller, Brooke

doi:10.1089/bfm.2022.29207.kbm

Cited by 33 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…The complications of mastitis are mainly caused by obstructed milk drainage. ABM [3] is also clear that deep massage increased in ammation, tissue edema, and microvascular injury. A systematic review [17]concluded that although breast massage may reduce pain, it should not be recommended as standard of care because it requires extensive training to master atraumatic approach.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flat or inverted nipples of the breastfeeding women are the independent in uencing factors for their maximum diameter of the breast abscess cavity > 5 cm during lactation. Continued lactation during mastitis is an important treatment of the breastfeeding women with at or inverted nipples [3]. Multiple studies have con rmed that at or inverted nipples are the risk factors for lactational mastitis [18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another studies [11,1] have con rmed that the evidence is insu cient for antibiotic using during the treatment of the lactating breast abscesses. ABM [3]has also pointed out that the primary treatment for lactational mastitis is removing the infected milk in the breast fully by breastfeeding, and both antibiotics used and probiotics used are all the B-level recommendation. This study found that the antibiotics used during lactational mastitis increases the probability of the larger breast abscess (diameter > 5 cm),It further indicates that antibiotics cannot reduce the severity of mammary abscess.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The diagnostic criteria for breast abscesses during lactation were as follows: in the late stage of lactational mastitis, there was still a well-de ned mass on the breast, which might be accompanied by redness, rigidity and tenderness, and there was a owable uid sonolucent area by ultrasonic examination [3].…”

Section: Data Analysis and Statistical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Relevant Factors Influencing Size of Breast Abscess Cavity during Lactation: A Cross-sectional Study

Gao¹,

Zhang²,

Zhang³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors for the severity of breast abscess during lactation .Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Questionnaire survey of breast abscess patients. According to whether the maximum abscess diameter > 5 cm, the patients were divided into 2 groups for univariate and multivariate regression analysis. Results: 1,805 valid questionnaires were included . Univariate and Binary logistic regression analysis demonstrated that low education (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1-2.0, P = 0.005), non-exclusive breastfeeding (OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.6-0.9, P = 0.004), fever > 37.5℃ (OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.6-0.9, P = 0.003), flat or inverted nipples (OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.6-0.9, P = 0.005), antibiotic used (OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.6-0.9, P = 0.006), and non-medical massage (OR = 0.3, 95% CI: 0.2-0.4, P < 0.001) were the effective independent influencing factors for the maximum breast abscess diameter > 5 cm. Conclusion: Low education , non-exclusive breastfeeding, fever >37.5℃, inverted or flat nipples, antibiotic used, and non-medical massage history have adverse effects on the enlargement of the abscess cavity with lactating breast abscesses patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Data Analysis and Statistical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Analysis of Relevant Factors Influencing Size of Breast Abscess Cavity during Lactation: A Cross-sectional Study

Gao¹,

Zhang²,

Zhang³

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Patients with worsening symptoms, with severe local or systemic symptoms at onset, and those not improving with 24 to 48 hours of conservative measures should be treated with antibiotics . The common bacterial pathogens that cause lactational mastitis and guide treatment are Staphylococcus , in particular S aureus , and Streptococcus .…”

Section: Symptoms Risk Factors and Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%