Academic Doping: Institutional Policies Regarding Nonmedical use of Prescription Stimulants in U.S. Higher Education

Aikins, Ross; Zhang, Xiaoxue; McCabe, Sean Esteban

doi:10.1007/s10805-017-9291-0

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…106 Very little is known about the effectiveness of institutional policies as a potential tool for addressing the NMU of stimulants. Aikins et al 121 examined the academic integrity policies and alcohol/drug use policies of 200 institutions of higher education. They found 191 academic integrity policies, but only one of these addressed the NMU of stimulants.…”

Section: Methods To Reduce the Nmu Of Stimulantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Review: Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants: Risk Factors, Outcomes, and Risk Reduction Strategies

Faraone

Rostain

Montano³

et al. 2020

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psych

147

110

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Objective: To review all literature on the nonmedical use (NMU) and diversion of prescription stimulants to better understand the characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes of NMU and to review risk-reduction strategies. Method: We systematically searched PubMed, PsycINFO, and SCOPUS from inception to May 2018 for studies containing empirical data about NMU and diversion of prescription stimulants. Additional references identified by the authors were also assessed for inclusion. Results: A total of 111 studies met inclusion criteria. NMU and diversion of stimulants are highly prevalent; self-reported rates among population samples range from 2.1% to 58.7% and from 0.7% to 80.0%, respectively. A variety of terms are used to describe NMU, and most studies have examined college students. Although most NMU is oral, non-oral NMU also occurs. The majority of NMU is associated with no, or minor, medical effects; however, adverse medical outcomes, including death, occur in some individuals, particularly when administered by non-oral routes. Although academic and occupational performance enhancement are the most commonly cited motivations, there is little evidence that academic performance is improved by NMU in individuals without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Conclusion: NMU of stimulants is a significant public health problem, especially in college students, but variations in the terms used to describe NMU and inconsistencies in the available data limit a better understanding of this problem. Further research is needed to develop methods to detect NMU, identify individuals at greatest risk, study routes of administration, and devise educational and other interventions to help reduce occurrence of NMU. Colleges should consider including NMU in academic integrity policies.

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Section: Methods To Reduce the Nmu Of Stimulantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Review: Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants: Risk Factors, Outcomes, and Risk Reduction Strategies

Faraone

Rostain

Montano³

et al. 2020

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psych

147

110

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Campus 2, on the contrary, has never diagnosed ADHD nor dispensed prescription stimulants. These contextual differences suggest the importance of further examining the impact of implementing newly restrictive campus policies on IUPS prevalence (Aikens, Zhang, & McCabe, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirming the Prevalence, Characteristics, and Utility of Ecological Theory in Explaining Prescription Stimulant Misuse

Bavarian

Sumstine

Cruz

et al. 2017

Journal of Drug Issues

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To examine the prevalence, characteristics, and utility of ecological theory in explaining prescription stimulant misuse, a probability sample of 499 students from one southern California university (response rate = 94.71%) completed a 100-item paper-based survey. The illicit use of prescription stimulants (IUPS) during college was reported by approximately 21% of students, with approximately 13% of users reporting 10 or more occurrences per academic term. Characteristics of use that were examined suggest a growing trend toward recreational use. We used structural equation modeling to replicate a previously tested ecological model. The number of significant paths in this replication study (i.e., 22) was similar to the number of significant paths in the original study (i.e., 25), and 21 of the significant paths from the original study retained their significance in the replication. Results confirm prescription stimulant misuse remains prevalent, characteristics of the behavior are cause for concern, and ecological theories are a useful tool for explaining the multifaceted nature of IUPS.

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“…For instance, asking open-ended questions about the impact of existing or hypothetical school and federal policies can provide insight on what may or may not influence frequency of diversion-related behaviors. In one multicampus study, of the 191 academic misconduct codes examined, only one campus stated misuse was a form of misconduct (Aikins et al, 2017); such a policy could influence diversion-related behaviors. In the state of California, under California Health and Safety Code Section 11350, it is illegal to possess a controlled substance without a valid prescription (California Legislative Information, 2018).…”

Section: Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prescription Stimulant Diversion on a College Campus: Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Environmental Correlates

Lam

Figueroa

Yomogida

et al. 2020

Journal of Drug Issues

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Prescription stimulant diversion is a behavior that increases the availability and accessibility of prescription stimulants for purposes such as misuse. As such, we aimed to develop a theory-guided understanding of diversion correlates. Data are from a probability sample of 499 undergraduate college students attending one California university. Participants completed a 100-item survey related to prescription stimulant misuse and diversion. We first calculated prevalence of diversion and associations with demographic variables. Next, to examine intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental correlates of diversion, we estimated three separate nested logistic regression models. Prescription stimulant diversion during college was reported by approximately 10% of the sample. In the nested logistic analyses, diversion was found to be associated with intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental variables. These findings highlight the importance of examining a comprehensive set of correlates to identify subgroups of students at risk for engaging in sharing and/or selling of prescription stimulants.

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Academic Doping: Institutional Policies Regarding Nonmedical use of Prescription Stimulants in U.S. Higher Education

Cited by 16 publications

References 45 publications

Systematic Review: Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants: Risk Factors, Outcomes, and Risk Reduction Strategies

Systematic Review: Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants: Risk Factors, Outcomes, and Risk Reduction Strategies

Confirming the Prevalence, Characteristics, and Utility of Ecological Theory in Explaining Prescription Stimulant Misuse

Prescription Stimulant Diversion on a College Campus: Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Environmental Correlates

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