“…This study offered a unique perspective of collaboration based on its direction, which established the relationships between e-supply chain collaboration, collaborative collaboration, which is conducted without face-to-face interaction among individuals or members of virtual teams engaged in a common task using information and communication technologies Shannak (2013) communication process between different parties through electronic devices to accomplish work goals Mohammadjafari (2015) being capable of removing geographical barriers and significantly facilitating information exchange within and beyond organizations innovation, supply chain agility, and value co-creation, yet how collaboration affects the performance of the academics was not included in the study. Ayenalem et al (2022) adopted both quantitative and qualitative approaches with both questionnaire and semi-structured interviews and found that the collaboration between senior and junior staff faculty members is too weak and limited to information exchange and material-sharing practices. Accordingly, it revealed that the predictor variables, which include gender and level of qualification, failed to affect senior and junior staff collaboration, but on the contrary, age and teaching experience did significantly affect senior-and junior-staff collaboration.…”