Academic Attainment Findings in Children With Sickle Cell Disease

Epping, Amanda; Myrvik, Matthew P.; Newby, Robert F.; Brandow, Amanda M.; Scott, John

doi:10.1111/josh.12064

Cited by 39 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…It is possible that the measures selected for this study did not capture all aspects of the underlying constructs, and thus, additional research is still needed related to these factors. Lastly, the grade retention rate from the current study (19.2%) is lower than the grade retention rates of 23-54% reported in other studies of youth with SCD [2][3][4][5]. This difference may be because this study used a nationally representative sample that is much larger than other study samples.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

Risk and resilience factors for grade retention in youth with sickle cell disease

Ladd

Valrie

Walcott

2014

Pediatric Blood & Cancer

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Background Youth with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at higher risk for grade retention than healthy peers. This is salient because research suggests grade retention is ineffective and places youth at additional risk for negative outcomes. The aims of the present study were to identify possible risk factors for grade retention in youth with SCD and to examine positive family functioning as a possible resilience factor. Procedure Data were extracted from phase 3 of the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease, a multisite, longitudinal study of individuals with SCD. Participants were 370 youth, aged 6–16 years, with complete data on history of grade retention. Collected data included demographics, history of grade retention, disease severity factors, evidence of stroke, family functioning, and academic achievement. A logistic regression model predicting grade retention risk was calculated. Results Increasing age, lower reading achievement, and lower family cohesion were predictive of higher likelihood of grade retention. Also, high family achievement-orientation moderated the negative effects of increasing age on likelihood of grade retention, such that at increasing levels of family achievement-orientation, the relationship between age and grade retention decreased. Conclusions These findings suggest the need for interventions that promote connectedness and achievement-orientation in families of youth with SCD. Research is also needed to further explore other possible risk or resilience factors for grade retention in this population, such as school absenteeism.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

Risk and resilience factors for grade retention in youth with sickle cell disease

Ladd

Valrie

Walcott

2014

Pediatric Blood & Cancer

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“…In an academic setting, children with SCD have been shown to demonstrate deficits in reading, writing, arithmetic, and spelling compared to healthy peers and siblings . This limited academic achievement is likely because of high proportions of illness, school absenteeism, and grade retention . Poverty/low socioeconomic status and lack of parent education are commonly found in SCD, and have been associated with lower IQ scores .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,11,13,15,18,24,68 This limited academic achievement 69 is likely because of high proportions of illness, school absenteeism, and grade retention. 70 Poverty 36 /low socioeconomic status 71,72 and lack of parent education 23 are commonly found in SCD, and have been associated with lower IQ scores. 23 Living in cities may expose already vulnerable children to pollutants known to affect the risk of cerebral infarction and to unfavourably alter brain structure in adults.…”

Section: Environmental Determinants Of Fsiqmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intelligence quotient in paediatric sickle cell disease: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Kawadler

Clayden

Clark

et al. 2016

Develop Med Child Neuro

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FSIQFull-scale IQ SCD Sickle cell disease SCI Silent cerebral infarction AIM Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the commonest cause of childhood stroke worldwide.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is routinely used to detect additional silent cerebral infarction (SCI), as IQ is lower in SCI as well as stroke. This review assesses the effect of infarction on IQ, and specifically whether, compared to healthy controls, IQ differences are seen in children with SCI with no apparent MRI abnormality. RESULTS Mean differences in IQ between all three groups were significant: stroke patients had lower IQ than patients with SCI by 10 points (six studies); patients with SCI had lower IQ than no patients with SCI by 6 points (17 studies); and no patients with SCI had lower IQ than healthy controls by 7 points (seven studies).INTERPRETATION Children with SCD and no apparent MRI abnormality have significantly lower IQ than healthy controls. In this chronic condition, other biological, socioeconomic, and environmental factors must play a significant role in cognition.Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a lifelong inherited genetic disease associated with a high prevalence of stroke and cognitive dysfunction in childhood. Approximately 10% of patients will experience an overt stroke. 1 However, in the first decade of life, around one-third of children with SCD will accumulate at least one silent cerebral infarct (SCI; i.e. an abnormality seen on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] in the absence of overt stroke, or neurological symptoms lasting more than 24h).2 By definition, SCI are clinically silent and therefore age at which SCI occurred and time lapse between SCI and cognitive testing are unknown. Stroke and SCI have been associated with general cognitive dysfunction, including problems with sustained attention, cognitive flexibility, and working memory. 3-7Full-scale IQ is the most commonly reported and widely studied standardized measure of general cognitive ability in SCD. Chordokoff and Whitten 8 published the first study investigating IQ between patients with SCD and controls, and found no differences. However, from the 1980s/early 1990s there were many studies suggesting that patients have lowered global intelligence scores than matched controls, even when excluding those with history of stroke or abnormal neurological examination.9-14 The first study that used MRI to classify patients into groups based on whether SCI are present or absent was published in 1996.15 Collaborators in the large Cooperative Study in Sickle Cell Disease (CSSCD) in the United States linked the presence of MRI abnormality and measurable global cognitive dysfunction. Since then, several studies have confirmed that children with SCI (SCI+) generally have lower IQ scores than those without evidence of SCI (SCIÀ). [16][17][18][19][20][21] These findings established a potential link between the presence of lesions and lesion size as a mediating factor in a child's IQ score.The presence, nature, and aetiology of any differences in IQ between children wit...

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“…[12] Children with SCD score lower on measures of reading and mathematics achievement compared to normative samples and are more likely to repeat a grade in school or require special academic services; furthermore, academic outcomes worsen in tandem with disease severity. [7,[12][13][14] These problems extend to adulthood, as evidence suggests adults with SCD have difficulty obtaining and maintaining employment. [15,16] Studies describing interventions to improve neurocognitive functioning in SCD are limited, but have primarily focused on academic tutoring, memory strategy training (e.g., silent rehearsal and semantic clustering), and pharmacologic treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Feasibility of Home‐Based Computerized Working Memory Training With Children and Adolescents With Sickle Cell Disease

Hardy

Schatz

et al. 2016

Pediatric Blood & Cancer

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Academic Attainment Findings in Children With Sickle Cell Disease

Cited by 39 publications

References 30 publications

Risk and resilience factors for grade retention in youth with sickle cell disease

Risk and resilience factors for grade retention in youth with sickle cell disease

Intelligence quotient in paediatric sickle cell disease: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Feasibility of Home‐Based Computerized Working Memory Training With Children and Adolescents With Sickle Cell Disease

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