Abundance and Production of Riparian Trees in the Lowland Floodplain of the Queets River, Washington

Balian, Estelle; Naiman, Robert J.

doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0043-4

Cited by 53 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Figure 4). Balian and Naiman (2005) observed that black cottonwood seed sources were readily available from older stands along the Queets River inside the park; however, they observed no regeneration on bare alluvial surfaces. They suggested that unfavourable conditions (intermittent summer floods) for seedling establishment or preferential browsing by ungulates limited black cottonwood regeneration in most years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Wolves, trophic cascades, and rivers in the Olympic National Park, USA

Beschta

Ripple

2008

Ecohydrology

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Gray wolves (Canis lupus) were extirpated in the early 1900s from the Olympic Peninsula of northwestern Washington. Thus, we studied potential cascading effects of wolf removal by undertaking a retrospective study of Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus) populations, riparian forests, and river channel morphology. For three riparian sites within the western portion of Olympic National Park, the age structure of black cottonwood and bigleaf maple indicated a pattern of significantly decreased recruitment (growth of seedlings/sprouts into tall saplings and trees) associated with intensive elk browsing in the decades following the loss of wolves. At a riparian site outside the park, which represented a refugium from elk browsing, cottonwood recruitment has been ongoing during the 20th century, indicating that climate and flow regimes, in the absence of intensive herbivory, have not limited the establishment and growth of this deciduous woody species. Using 1994 orthophotos, we also measured channel dimensions and planform morphology of 8-km-long river reaches at each vegetation sampling site and an additional reach outside the park. Channels inside the park versus those outside the park had greater percent braiding (37 vs 2%) and larger ratios of active channel width/wetted width (3Ð0 vs 1Ð5 m/m). Results for western Olympic National Park were consistent with a truncated trophic cascade hypothesis whereby ungulate browsing following the extirpation of wolves caused significant long-term impacts to riparian plant communities which, in turn, allowed increased riverbank erosion and channel widening to occur.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Wolves, trophic cascades, and rivers in the Olympic National Park, USA

Beschta

Ripple

2008

Ecohydrology

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“…S2) fall senesced leaves from red alder (Alnus rubra), as well as an equal mixture (i.e., mixed t-POC) of leaves from alder, black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa), big leaf maple (Acer macrophyllum), and willow (Salix spp. ), which are the most prevalent deciduous trees in the riparian zones of lakes and rivers in the Pacific northwest region of North America (21). The cryptophytes Cryptomonas ozolinii and Rhodomonas lacustris, the diatoms Navicula pellicosa and Fragilaria crotonensis, the chlorophytes Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and non-toxic strains of the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena flos-aquae were used as autochthonous food sources.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytoplankton, not allochthonous carbon, sustains herbivorous zooplankton production

Brett

Kainz

Taipale

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

338

466

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Terrestrial organic matter inputs have long been thought to play an important role in aquatic food web dynamics. Results from recent whole lake 13 C addition experiments suggest terrestrial particulate organic carbon (t-POC) inputs account for a disproportionate portion of zooplankton production. For example, several studies concluded that although t-POC only represented Ϸ20% of the flux of particulate carbon available to herbivorous zooplankton, this food source accounted for Ϸ50% of the C incorporated by zooplankton. We tested the direct dietary impact of t-POC (from the leaves of riparian vegetation) and various phytoplankton on Daphnia magna somatic growth, reproduction, growth efficiency, and lipid composition. By itself, t-POC was a very poor quality resource compared to cryptophytes, diatoms, and chlorophytes, but t-POC had similar food quality compared to cyanobacteria. Small additions of high quality Cryptomonas ozolinii to t-POC-dominated diets greatly increased Daphnia growth and reproduction. When offered alone, t-POC resulted in a Daphnia growth efficiency of 5 ؎ 1%, whereas 100% Cryptomonas and Scenedesmus obliquus diets resulted in growth efficiencies of 46 ؎ 8% (؎ SD) and 36 ؎ 3%, respectively. When offered in a 50:50 mixed diet with Cryptomonas or Scenedesmus, the t-POC fraction resulted in a partial growth efficiency of 22 ؎ 9% and 15 ؎ 6%, respectively. Daphnia that obtained 80% of their available food from t-POC assimilated 84% of their fatty acids from the phytoplankton component of their diet. Overall, our results suggest Daphnia selectively allocate phytoplankton-derived POC and lipids to enhance somatic growth and reproduction, while t-POC makes a minor contribution to zooplankton production.Daphnia ͉ fatty acids ͉ nutritional ecology ͉ planktonic food web

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“…field 1997). However, the species composition and proportions of litter within a given geographical area are reflective of local factors that may influence riparian vegetation, such as the age and composition of the riparian forest, the frequency of disturbance, light availability, and site productivity (Xiong and Nilsson 1997;Balian and Naiman 2005;Naiman et al 2005). At our sites, leaf litter inputs (deciduous leaves and conifer needles) throughout June to October accounted for 71% of total litter inputs to our litter traps.…”

Section: Litter Input Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Over-winter decomposition and associated macroinvertebrate communities of three deciduous leaf species in forest streams on the Canadian Boreal Shield

2010

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Litter inputs to headwater streams were measured to characterize and describe input patterns to the streams and to quantify the relationships between leaf litter inputs and surrounding riparian characteristics in Boreal Shield forests. Our goal was to provide information on litter inputs to streams in the Boreal Shield to determine if partial-harvest logging of commercial trees within riparian reserves has the potential to cause significant changes to litter inputs. Total leaf litter comprised 87% deciduous leaves and 13% conifer needles during the June to October periods. Commercial deciduous tree species accounted for approximately 50% of total deciduous leaf litter inputs. Distance-weighted deciduous basal area was the best predictor of overstorey deciduous litter (r 2 = 0.597, P = <0.001), indicating that the size, abundance, and proximity of deciduous trees to streams are important to deciduous litter inputs. Leaf litter inputs to Boreal Shield streams are strongly influenced by surrounding riparian vegetation and can be effectively predicted by stem basal area. A linear regression model based on commercial deciduous tree basal area is presented that can be useful to determine the number of trees to retain within a riparian area to maintain leaf litter inputs at or near preharvest levels.Résumé : Les apports de litière dans les cours d'eau de tête ont été mesurés pour caractériser et décrire le profil de ces apports dans les cours d'eau et quantifier les relations entre les apports de litière de feuilles et les caractéristiques riveraines environnantes dans les forêts du bouclier boréal. Notre but était de fournir de l'information au sujet des apports de litière dans les cours d'eau du bouclier boréal pour déterminer si une coupe partielle des tiges marchandes dans les bandes riveraines peut entraîner des changements significatifs dans les apports de litière. La litière de feuilles totale était composée de 87 % de feuilles d'essences feuillues et de 13 % d'aiguilles de conifères durant la période allant de juin à octobre. Les espèces feuillues marchandes représentaient approximativement 50 % de toute la litière de feuilles provenant d'essences feuillues. La surface terrière des essences feuillues pondérée par la distance était le meilleur prédicteur de la litière des essences feuillues de l'étage dominant (r 2 = 0,597, P = <0,001), ce qui signifie que la taille et l'abondance des arbres feuillus et leur proximité des cours d'eau sont des facteurs importants dans les apports de litière d'essences feuillues. Les apports de litière de feuilles dans les cours d'eau du bouclier boréal sont fortement influencés par la végétation riveraine environnante et on peut réussir à les prédire au moyen de la surface terrière des arbres. Un modèle de régression linéaire basé sur la surface terrière des essences feuillues marchandes est présenté. Ce modèle peut être utile pour déterminer combien d'arbres il faut conserver dans une zone riveraine pour maintenir les apports de litière de feuilles au même niveau ou pr...

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Abundance and Production of Riparian Trees in the Lowland Floodplain of the Queets River, Washington

Cited by 53 publications

References 42 publications

Wolves, trophic cascades, and rivers in the Olympic National Park, USA

Wolves, trophic cascades, and rivers in the Olympic National Park, USA

Phytoplankton, not allochthonous carbon, sustains herbivorous zooplankton production

Over-winter decomposition and associated macroinvertebrate communities of three deciduous leaf species in forest streams on the Canadian Boreal Shield

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