Abstractionist and Processing Accounts of Implicit Learning

Johnstone, Theresa; Shanks, David R.

doi:10.1006/cogp.2000.0743

Cited by 80 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…On the face of it, this is at odds with the results of previous studies, which have indicated that explicit learning is more efficient than implicit learning for simple materials. However, the simple structures used in those studies were less complex than the simplest grammar in the present study (dependencies involving one element [Lee, 1995] vs. two; 4 rules [Johnstone & Shanks, 2001;Mathews et al, 1989] vs. 20). This suggests that it would have been possible to observe an effect of complexity on explicit learning if the present study had included even simpler grammars.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…(1989) showed that although a finite state grammar could be learned by performing a memorize task, a rule search task produced better results with a biconditional grammar. Johnstone and Shanks (2001) replicated this finding and suggested that the different results for the two types of grammar are due to differences in complexity. They argued that biconditional grammars are less complex than finite state grammars, since they consist of a smaller number of rules.…”

mentioning

confidence: 72%

“…A relatively simple measure of the complexity of artificial grammars, proposed by Johnstone and Shanks (2001), is the number of rules a grammar consists of. This number is equal to the number of letters that can be added to a string at each transition between internal nodes of the grammar plus the number of letters that can terminate a string at each end node (Johnstone & Shanks, 1999).…”

Section: Measures Of Complexitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of grammar complexity on artificial grammar learning

Bos

Poletiek

2008

Memory & Cognition

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

mentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Measures Of Complexitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of grammar complexity on artificial grammar learning

Bos

Poletiek

2008

Memory & Cognition

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“…Consider the explicit-implicit dimension. The theory assumes that, in the first stage, learning mostly occurs through explicit instruction; however, there is ample evidence in a variety of domains that skills are sometimes Expert Intuition in Nursing 10 learned implicitly, without the mediation of verbal instruction (Johnstone & Shanks, 2001;Reber, 1993). Thus, the theory is at best incomplete on this issue.…”

Section: Weaknesses Of the Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards an alternative to Benner's theory of expert intuition in nursing: A discussion paper

Gobet

Chassy

2008

International Journal of Nursing Studies

115

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Several authors have highlighted the role of intuition in expertise. In particular, a large amount of data has been collected about intuition in expert nursing, and intuition plays an important role in the influential theory of nursing expertise developed by Benner (1984). We discuss this theory, and highlight both data that support it and data that challenge it. Based on this assessment, we propose a new theory of nursing expertise and intuition, which emphasizes how perception and conscious problem solving are intimately related. In the discussion, we propose that this theory opens new avenues of enquiry for research into nursing expertise. KeywordsCare, decision-making, expertise, intuition, memory, nursing, pattern recognition Expert Intuition in Nursing 3 Towards an alternative to Benner's theory of expert intuition in nursing:A discussion paper What is already known about the topic?• While the role of intuition in nursing has been the topic of considerable debate, studies have established that this is a genuine phenomenon.• Definitions of experts' intuition emphasize five features: rapid perception, lack of awareness of the processes engaged, presence of emotions, holistic understanding of the situation, and overall good quality of the proposed solutions.• The literature often refers to Patricia Benner's theory of nursing expertise, which proposes that the road to expertise encompasses five stages. What this paper adds• A detailed discussion of Benner's theory, which leads to the conclusion that the theory is too simple to account for the complex pattern of phenomena that recent research on expert intuition has uncovered.• A new theory of expert intuition in nursing, which provides mechanisms for explaining how intuitive, perceptual decision making is linked to more analytical problem solving.• The suggestion that standard research on expertise (mostly based on the natural sciences) and that on nursing expertise (often based on phenomenology) should start a constructive dialogue. Expert Intuition in Nursing

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“…Others have contested this assertion, suggesting instead that the learning that takes place is more superficial and/or more conscious in nature. For example, Johnstone and Shanks (2001) and Wright and Whittlesea (1998) argue that people do not distinguish grammatical from nongrammatical stimuli, but perform in ways that are consistent with the demands of the task.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit learning of conjunctive rule sets: An alternative to artificial grammars

Neil

Higham

2012

Consciousness and Cognition

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A single experiment is reported that investigated implicit learning using a conjunctive rule set applied to natural words. Participants memorized a training list consisting of words that were either rare-concrete and common-abstract or common-concrete and rare-abstract. At test, they were told of the rule set, but not told what it was. Instead, they were shown all four word types and asked to classify words as rule-consistent words or not. Participants classified the items above chance, but were unable to verbalize the rules, even when shown a list that included the categories that made up the conjunctive rule and asked to select them. Most participants identified familiarity as the reason for classifying the items as they did. An analysis of the materials demonstrated that conscious micro rules (i.e., chunk knowledge) could not have driven performance. We propose that such materials offer an alternative to artificial grammar for studies of implicit learning.

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Abstractionist and Processing Accounts of Implicit Learning

Cited by 80 publications

References 58 publications

Effects of grammar complexity on artificial grammar learning

Effects of grammar complexity on artificial grammar learning

Towards an alternative to Benner's theory of expert intuition in nursing: A discussion paper

Implicit learning of conjunctive rule sets: An alternative to artificial grammars

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