“…In Europe, two non-inferiority studies are attempting to compare active surveillance (no treatment) to standard therapy, including surgery, for low-risk DCIS. In April 2014, the LORIS trial ( 59 , 60 ), Figure 1 started registration in the UK, while the LORD trial ( 61 , 62 ) in the Netherlands is preparing to register as of November 2016. Furthermore, in Japan, a single-arm confirmatory trial of endocrine therapy alone for estrogen receptor-positive, low-risk DCIS of the breast is planned, and registration is scheduled to start in June 2017 (JCOG 1505: LORETTA trial) (Fig.…”