Abstract:Purpose:
The majority of patients with end stage renal disease who require hemodialysis use a arteriovenous fistula (AVF) for their vascular access. However, only 40% of AVFs are clinically usable after 1 year. Arteriovenous fistulas fail because of venous neointimal hyperplasia (VNH) that develops in the proximal outflow vein. The immediate early gene, IEX-1 (IER-3), is increased in response to shear stress and hypoxia and both factors contribute to VNH. IEX-1 expression was increased in stenotic … Show more
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