Absorption of Anthocyanins from Blueberry Extracts by Caco-2 Human Intestinal Cell Monolayers

Abstract

Recent studies have shown that dietary polyphenols may contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Anthocyanins from different plant sources including blueberries have been shown to possess potential anticancer activities. One of the key factors needed to correctly relate the in vitro study results to human disease outcomes is information about bioavailability. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the absorption of blueberry anthocyanin extracts using Caco-2 human intestinal cell monolayers and investigate the effects of different aglycones, sugar moieties, and chemical structure on bioavailability of different types of anthocyanins. The results of this study showed that anthocyanins from blueberries could be transported through the Caco-2 cell monolayers although the transport/absorption efficiency was relatively low compared to other aglycone polyphenols. The transport efficiency of anthocyanins averaged approximately 3-4% [less than 1% in delphinidin glucoside (Dp-glc)]. No significant difference in transport/absorption efficiency was observed among three blueberry cultivars. The observed trends among different anthocyanins generally agreed well with some published in vivo results. Dp-glc showed the lowest transport/absorption efficiency, and malvidin glucoside (Mv-glc) showed the highest transport/absorption efficiency. Our result indicates that more free hydroxyl groups and less OCH(3) groups can decrease the bioavailability of anthocyanins. In addition, cyanindin glucoside (Cy-glc) showed significantly higher transport efficiency than cyanidin galactoside (Cy-gal), and peonidin glucoside (Pn-glc) showed significantly higher transport efficiency than peonidin galactoside (Pn-gal), indicating that glucose-based anthocyanins have higher bioavailability than galactose-based anthocyanins.

Anthocyanins and Flavonoids of Vaccinium L.

“…The most striking antioxidant activity is cyaniding 3-galactose. DPPH assays showed that it was more effevtive than flavonol glycoside and the standards in scavenging free radicals, with an EC50 of 7.7 M compared to 17.3 M for myricetin 3-arabinoside and 30 M for trolox standard [4,130,131] Increased plasma antioxidant status, protected RBC against hemolysis [126,132] Showed protective effects on PC12 cells damage and chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress [133] Showed neuro and mitochondrio-protective effect [134] Antioxidant Activities Showed antioxidative activity under the used assay conditions towards prevention of oxidative DNA damage [135] Inhibited proliferation of MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells [4,8,126,127] Inhibited the induction of ornithine decarboxylase, an enzyme involved in tumor proliferation, and induce quinine reductase, an enzyme that can inactivate certain carcinogens [136] Exhibited the human colon tumor cell lines Caco-2, HT-116, and HT-29 [10,137,138] Exhibited the anticancer effects on DLD-1 and COLO205 cells [139] Inhibited matrix metalloproteinase activity in DU145 human prostate cancer cells [140] Exhibition of anticancer capability in human lung and leukemia cells [105] Modulated the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and I B in human colon cancer cells [141] Cytotoxicities Inhibitory effect on activator protein-1, nuclear factor-B, and mitogen-activated protein kinases activation [105,142] Prevented the urinary tract infections [143] Showed potential inhibitory effect against bacteria involved in dental caries and periodontal diseases [147,148] Exhibited potent biological activity by inhibiting adherence of uropathogenic isolates of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli bacteria to cellular surfaces containing -Gal(1 4)--Gal receptor sequences similar to those on epithelial cells in the urinary tract [149,150] Antimicrobial Activities…”

Investigating the effects of food matrix and food components on bioaccessibility of pomegranate (Punica granatum) phenolics and anthocyanins using an in-vitro gastrointestinal digestion model

“…Results of in vitro digestion models are often different from those of in vivo models as it is difficult to accurately simulate the complex physiological events taking place in living organisms (Hur, Lim, Decker, & McClements, 2011). Because in vitro studies offer advantages such as simplicity, ease of application and low cost to the investigator, they are preferred than in vivo studies (Yi, Akoh, Fischer, & Krewer, 2006).…”

Flavonoid transport across RBE4 cells: A blood-brain barrier model

“…The samples were frozen until used for the HPLC analysis. The transport efficiency is given as a percentage, calculated according to: (the compound concentrations on the basolateral side at a given time)/(compound concentrations on the apical side at the zero hour)*100, as in [15].…”