Absorption, Distribution and Milk Secretion of Radionuclides by the Dairy Cow IV. Inorganic Radiomercury

Mullen, A.L.; Stanley, R.E.; Lloyd, S.R.; Moghissi, A.A.

doi:10.1097/00004032-197506000-00004

Cited by 5 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Generally there is reasonable agreement between observed and predicted values. The proportion of administered 203 Hg in muscle and kidney is under-predicted, however, the data of Mullen et al (1975) are for one animal per slaughter date only and the difference between modelled and observed values for these tissues is within the observed variation of our data for cattle and sheep. The model did not predict the increase in the observed 203 Hg content of muscle between 10 and 31 days after administration, and the concentration in liver after 10 days was under-predicted.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

“…There are few data against which the dynamic predictions of the models developed can be tested. In case of Hg, Mullen et al (1975) administered two lactating Holstein cows 203 Hg(NO 3 ) 2 as a single oral dose. The cows were slaughtered 10 days or 31 days after administration and the percentage of administered activity present in different tissues was estimated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cows were slaughtered 10 days or 31 days after administration and the percentage of administered activity present in different tissues was estimated. The Hg cattle model has been run to simulate this experiment (no alteration of rate coefficients for live-weight of the experimental cattle were made, as Mullen et al (1975) did not give this information) and the predictions are compared with the data of Mullen et al in Table 4. Generally there is reasonable agreement between observed and predicted values.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The transfer of ⁷³As, ¹⁰⁹Cd and ²⁰³Hg to the milk and tissues of dairy cattle

et al. 2004

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SU MMARYBy a variety of exposure routes it is possible that the toxic heavy metals cadmium, arsenic and mercury could enter the diet of farm animals and hence contaminate food products derived from those animals. Therefore, there is a need to be able to assess the likely levels of contamination in animal tissues if exposed to contaminated feed and also to estimate how rapidly an animal will decontaminate once the source of contamination is removed from the feed. The development of dynamic models to predict changes in the degree of heavy metal contamination in tissues of ruminants have been hindered by the lack of data on the transfer and excretion rates of these metals from tissues. A study is described during which dairy cows were given a single intraruminal administration of 109 Cd, 73 As and 203 Hg and measurements made of the subsequent concentrations of the radioisotopes in body tissues and milk. The resultant data were used to adapt previously developed compartment models describing the behaviour of the metals in sheep for use with dairy cows. Two changes were made to the sheep models : (i) a new excretion route was included to describe transfer to milk; (ii) the rate coefficients (with the exception of those involving gut absorption and transfer) were adjusted according to the ratio of the metabolic live-weights (live-weight (kg) 0 . 75 ) of the sheep to that of the cattle. The models predicted levels of the metals in the cattle tissues and milk reasonably well.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The transfer of ⁷³As, ¹⁰⁹Cd and ²⁰³Hg to the milk and tissues of dairy cattle

et al. 2004

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“…The calculated BTF, for methylmercury (14) was 1 order of magnitude higher than that estimated for the inorganic form of this metal (18,19). Neathery et al (14) dosed two Jersey cows with radiolabeled methylmercuric chloride and followed the appearance of label in milk for 14 days.…”

Section: Biotransfer Factorsmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…The other two studies (18,19) consisted of single oral bolus dose experiments. Elevated mercury levels were not found in the study of Vreman et al (269, and thus this biotransfer factor is considered maximal.…”

Section: Biotransfer Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disposition of toxic metals in the agricultural food chain. 1. Steady-state bovine milk biotransfer factors

Stevens¹

1991

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Envlron. Sci. Technoi.analyzed by SEM and EDX procedures. Figure 7a shows a SEM image of the bauxite flake. The cadmium map on the bauxite surface indicated a nonuniform cadmium distribution (Figure 7b). Comparison of the cadmium map with the aluminum and silicon maps on the flake surface (Figure 8a,b) shows that regions high in both alumina and silica have high concentrations of cadmium. As confirmed by the XRD analysis, the cadmium present in the alumina phase reacts to form a cadmium aluminate. Regions rich in both alumina and silica combine with cadmium to form a cadmium aluminum silicate. EDX analysis of regions high in both aluminum and silicon indicated that the cadmium concentration was 26 wt 5%. EDX analysis of regions high in alumina indicated that the cadmium concentration in this phase (11 wt %) was much lower than that postulated by reaction 2. This indicates that the alumina phase does not completely react with cadmium to form a cadmium aluminate. This could be due to the alumina phase having low porosity thereby preventing complete sorbent utilization. Also, formation of a higher volume product on the outer surface could inhibit further capture of cadmium.From the mechanistic study it is clear that the sorption process under present experimental conditions is influenced by diffusional resistances. In practical systems, the rate of sorption can be increased by optimization of the sorbent pore structure to facilitate intraphase transport of cadmium vapors into the sorbent. The interphase mass transport limitations can also be reduced to increase the overall sorption rate. For in situ applications, the efficiency of the sorbent can be increased by decreasing the particle size. Conclusions 1. Bauxite and, to a lower degree, kaolinite are effective sorbents for removal of cadmium in combustors and incinerators.2. The sorption mechanism and the nature of final products formed have important implications in the way 1991, 25, 1289-1294 each sorbent may be used. Compared to kaolinite, bauxite has a higher sorption rate and capacity; however, the products of sorption in bauxite are more water soluble. Therefore, kaolinite is more suitable when no leaching from the spent sorbent can be permitted.3. The overall sorption process is a complex combination of adsorption, condensation, diffusion, and chemical reactions.4. In adsorbing cadmium chloride, chlorine is not retained by either kaolinite or bauxite. Additional cleanup steps may be needed in systems where the presence of chlorine in the flue gas cannot be tolerated. Registry No. . L i t e r a t u r e Cited (1) Palmer, S. A. K.; Breton, M. A.; Nunno, T. J.; Sullivan, D. PACE Incorporated, 171 0 Douglas Drive North, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55422Pharmacokinetic analyses were conducted on published experimental data to estimate steady-state bovine milk biotransfer factors for six metals-arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, and nickel. Both long-term feeding studies and bolus oral dose data were evaluated. Our analysis indicated that, of the metals studied...

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Improving the quantity, quality and transparency of data used to derive radionuclide transfer parameters for animal products. 2. Cow milk

Howard

Wells

Barnett

et al. 2017

Journal of Environmental Radioactivity

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Under the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) MODARIA (Modelling and Data for Radiological Impact Assessments) Programme, there has been an initiative to improve the derivation, provenance and transparency of transfer parameter values for radionuclides from feed to animal products that are for human consumption. A description of the revised MODARIA 2016 cow milk dataset is described in this paper. As previously reported for the MODARIA goat milk dataset, quality control has led to the discounting of some references used in IAEA's Technical Report Series (TRS) report 472 (IAEA, 2010). The number of Concentration Ratio (CR) values has been considerably increased by (i) the inclusion of more literature from agricultural studies which particularly enhanced the stable isotope data of both CR and F and (ii) by estimating dry matter intake from assumed liveweight. In TRS 472, the data for cow milk were 714 transfer coefficient (F) values and 254 CR values describing 31 elements and 26 elements respectively. In the MODARIA 2016 cow milk dataset, F and CR values are now reported for 43 elements based upon 825 data values for F and 824 for CR. The MODARIA 2016 cow milk dataset F values are within an order of magnitude of those reported in TRS 472. Slightly bigger changes are seen in the CR values, but the increase in size of the dataset creates greater confidence in them. Data gaps that still remain are identified for elements with isotopes relevant to radiation protection.

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Absorption, Distribution and Milk Secretion of Radionuclides by the Dairy Cow IV. Inorganic Radiomercury

Cited by 5 publications

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The transfer of ⁷³As, ¹⁰⁹Cd and ²⁰³Hg to the milk and tissues of dairy cattle

The transfer of ⁷³As, ¹⁰⁹Cd and ²⁰³Hg to the milk and tissues of dairy cattle

Disposition of toxic metals in the agricultural food chain. 1. Steady-state bovine milk biotransfer factors

Improving the quantity, quality and transparency of data used to derive radionuclide transfer parameters for animal products. 2. Cow milk

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Absorption, Distribution and Milk Secretion of Radionuclides by the Dairy Cow IV. Inorganic Radiomercury

Cited by 5 publications

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The transfer of 73As, 109Cd and 203Hg to the milk and tissues of dairy cattle

The transfer of 73As, 109Cd and 203Hg to the milk and tissues of dairy cattle

Disposition of toxic metals in the agricultural food chain. 1. Steady-state bovine milk biotransfer factors

Improving the quantity, quality and transparency of data used to derive radionuclide transfer parameters for animal products. 2. Cow milk

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The transfer of ⁷³As, ¹⁰⁹Cd and ²⁰³Hg to the milk and tissues of dairy cattle

The transfer of ⁷³As, ¹⁰⁹Cd and ²⁰³Hg to the milk and tissues of dairy cattle