Absorption, Disposition and Pharmacokinetics of Nanoemulsions

Abstract

Nanoemulsions are composed of nanoscale droplets of one immiscible liquid dispersed within another, which have been the focus of extensive research worldwide due to their solubilization and transportation capacity of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic active compounds with unique physical properties. In a broad sense, submicron-emulsion, microemulsion, self-microemulsifing drug delivery system, lipid emulsion and cholesterol-rich microemulsion (LDE) all belong to nanoemulsions. The review starts with a brief introduction to the definition, formulation rationale, and types of nanoemulaions, and focused on, by different administration routes such as the oral, intravenous, transdermal, ocular nasal and rectal routes, the absorption, disposition, pharmacokinetics properties of nanoemulsions.

Rice Bran Oil

“…61,62 The particles used in these systems are less than 1 μm in size and present some advantages in therapeutics, such as the targeting drugs to a specific site of action, 63 increasing drug shelf-life, 64 and improving oral bioavailability of the active ingredients 65 in comparison with conventional approaches. Different types of nanostructured systems have been widely studied in the pharmaceutical field, such as nanoemulsions, 66 liposomes, 67 solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, lipidcore nanocapsules, 68 niosomes, and nanosponges. 69 These types of nanostructures are remarkably versatile systems regarding their wide range of application.…”

Size-dependent penetration of nanoemulsions into epidermis and hair follicles: implications for transdermal delivery and immunization

“…Nanoemulsions are aqueous dispersed ultrafine oil droplets stabilized by surfactants and co-surfactants, with a normal size less than 500 nm [27]. It should be noted that nanoemulsions are different to microemulsions, because the latter are referred to thermodynamically stable isotropic liquids formed by mixing oil, water, and surfactants together [28].…”

Polymeric micelles and alternative nanonized delivery vehicles for poorly soluble drugs

“…The nanoscopic droplets typically have dimensions ranging from 20 – 200 nm 109 . In a broad sense, the term ‘nanoemulsions’ consist of two closely related systems termed ‘microemulsions’ and ‘submicron emulsions’ 110 . The defining hallmark of microemulsions from submicron emulsions is thermodynamic stability 111 .…”