Absorption and urinary excretion of procyanidin B2 [epicatechin-(4β-8)-epicatechin] in rats

Baba, Seigo; Osakabe, Naomi; Natsume, Mitsutaka; Terao, Junji

doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00871-7

Cited by 211 publications

(155 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The limitation in the diffusion across the epithelial cells could explain the nanomolar levels quantified in the postprandial rat plasma after the intake, at micromolar levels, of the oligomeric PC. The pharmacokinetic results shown in the present study agree with previous research that has shown the presence of some dimers (B2 and B5), detected at nanomolar levels, in the plasma of rats given cocoa extracts (35,36) . By contrast, in other studies, the dimer (B3) and trimer (C2) were not detected in the plasma of rats given purified compounds (37) .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Bioavailability of procyanidin dimers and trimers and matrix food effects in in vitro and in vivo models

et al. 2009

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Among procyanidins (PC), monomers, such as catechin and epicatechin, have been widely studied, whereas dimer and trimer oligomers have received much less attention, despite their abundance in our diet. Recent studies have showed that as dimers and trimers could be important in determining the biological effects of procyanidin-rich food, understanding their bioavailability and metabolism is fundamental. The purpose of the present work is to study the stability of PC under digestion conditions, the metabolism and the bioavailability by using a combination of in vitro and in vivo models. Simultaneously, the matrix effect of a carbohydrate-rich food on the digestibility and bioavailability of PC is investigated. The results show a high level of stability of PC under gastric and duodenal digestion conditions. However, the pharmacokinetic study revealed limited absorption. Free forms of dimers and trimers have been detected in rat plasma, reaching the maximum concentration 1 h after oral intake of a grape seed extract.Procyanidins: Dimers: Trimers: Digestion: Bioavailability Procyanidins (PC) are found in most plants and in a wide range of foods, such as red wine, cocoa, tea and fruits, and thus they are a part of the human diet. PC belong to the group of flavonoids, and are phenolic compounds mainly formed of (þ)-catechin and (2 )-epicatechin units with C 4 -C 8 and/or C 4 -C 6 bonds. PC are formed from the condensation of monomeric units, between two and five units for oligomers and over five units for polymers (1) .Grape seed procyanidin extracts (GSPE) have shown several bioactivities. They improve antioxidant cell defences (2) and the plasma lipid profile (3,4) , limit adipogenesis (5) and function as insulinomimetic (6) and anti-inflammatory (7) agents. A preliminary study of an in vitro model by the authors has also determined that dimeric and trimeric oligomers are the most powerful PC molecules that mimic the complete GSPE (8) . Thus, to explain these health effects of PC and understand the mechanism by which PC act at the cellular level in vivo, it is essential to determine PC stability during the digestive process as well as their bioavailability.Despite it being clear that monomers are absorbed in human subjects and animals, there are controversies about the bioavailability of oligomeric forms. Different studies, following the ingestion of chocolate (9 -12) , black and green tea (13 -16) , red wine (17,18) and grape seed extract (1) , have shown that during digestion, the oligomers are fragmented into monomeric units of catechin and epicatechin. These are then absorbed, appearing in plasma and urine primarily as glucuronidated, methylated and sulphated metabolites. A study by Rios et al. (19) with six healthy subjects who consumed a rich PC cocoa beverage studied the depolymerisation of PC in the stomach and proved that they were remarkably stable in the stomach environment. Another study by Sano et al. (20) was the first work to detect procyanidin B1 in human serum after oral intake of a GSPE, the ma...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Bioavailability of procyanidin dimers and trimers and matrix food effects in in vitro and in vivo models

et al. 2009

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“…16) But ourˆnding that procyanidin B1 is detected in human serum after oral intake of the GSE, is theˆrst work showing that there is every chance of demonstrating the absorption of PA into the human body. We are trying to analyze other procyanidins further.…”

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Procyanidin B1 Is Detected in Human Serum after Intake of Proanthocyanidin-rich Grape Seed Extract

Sano

Yamakoshi

Tokutake

et al. 2003

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry

202

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“…Previous studies have shown the pharmacokinetics of the monomeric flavan-3-ols (Ϫ)-epicatechin and (ϩ)-catechin in vivo in rats (Hackett and Griffiths, 1982;Gott and Griffiths, 1987;Baba et al, 2001bBaba et al, , 2002Catterall et al, 2003), but very little is known about the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of procyanidin dimers and/or other related higher molecular weight oligomers, which are consumed at high levels by most of the population. The physiological and biological activities of such abundant compounds will depend on their absorption and metabolism after ingestion.…”

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“…Later studies in animals, using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry analyses, reported the presence, after enzymatic hydrolysis, of unconjugated procyanidin dimers, including B1, B2, B3, B4, and B5, in various tissues including plasma and urine after feeding large doses of proanthocyanidin extracts or proanthocyanidin-rich seeds (Baba et al, 2002;Tsang et al, 2005;Shoji et al, 2006). Likewise, human studies have detected unconjugated procyanidin B1, B2, and B5 in plasma and serum within 30 min of consumption of the test material (Holt et al, 2002;Sano et al, 2003).…”

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In Vivo Bioavailability, Absorption, Excretion, and Pharmacokinetics of [¹⁴C]Procyanidin B2 in Male Rats

et al. 2009

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Absorption and urinary excretion of procyanidin B2 [epicatechin-(4β-8)-epicatechin] in rats

Cited by 211 publications

References 37 publications

Bioavailability of procyanidin dimers and trimers and matrix food effects in in vitro and in vivo models

Bioavailability of procyanidin dimers and trimers and matrix food effects in in vitro and in vivo models

Procyanidin B1 Is Detected in Human Serum after Intake of Proanthocyanidin-rich Grape Seed Extract

In Vivo Bioavailability, Absorption, Excretion, and Pharmacokinetics of [¹⁴C]Procyanidin B2 in Male Rats

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Absorption and urinary excretion of procyanidin B2 [epicatechin-(4β-8)-epicatechin] in rats

Cited by 211 publications

References 37 publications

Bioavailability of procyanidin dimers and trimers and matrix food effects in in vitro and in vivo models

Bioavailability of procyanidin dimers and trimers and matrix food effects in in vitro and in vivo models

Procyanidin B1 Is Detected in Human Serum after Intake of Proanthocyanidin-rich Grape Seed Extract

In Vivo Bioavailability, Absorption, Excretion, and Pharmacokinetics of [14C]Procyanidin B2 in Male Rats

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In Vivo Bioavailability, Absorption, Excretion, and Pharmacokinetics of [¹⁴C]Procyanidin B2 in Male Rats