Absorption and birefringence study for reduced optical losses in diamond with high nitrogen-vacancy concentration

Abstract

The use of diamond colour centres such as the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre is increasingly enabling quantum sensing and computing applications. Novel concepts like cavity coupling and readout, laser-threshold magnetometry and multi-pass geometries allow significantly improved sensitivity and performance via increased signals and strong light fields. Enabling material properties for these techniques and their further improvements are low optical material losses via optical absorption of signal light and low birefringence. Here, we study systematically the behaviour of absorption around 700 nm and birefringence with increasing nitrogen- and NV-doping, as well as their behaviour during NV creation via diamond growth, electron beam irradiation and annealing treatments. Absorption correlates with increased nitrogen doping yet substitutional nitrogen does not seem to be the direct absorber. Birefringence reduces with increasing nitrogen doping. We identify multiple crystal defect concentrations via absorption spectroscopy and their changes during the material processing steps and thus identify potential causes of absorption and birefringence as well as strategies to fabricate chemical vapour deposition diamonds with high NV density yet low absorption and low birefringence. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Diamond for quantum applications’.

A special issue preface: diamond for quantum applications

“…Two papers looked specifically at the properties of NV centres in diamond related to the nitrogen concentration of diamond grown by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) toward the optimization of the NV performance. Luo et al [ 10 ] study diamond absorption and birefringence, with the aim of minimizing both while maximizing the NV concentration. Reducing these optical losses is essential for applications like diamond lasing, optical threshold magnetometry, diamond cavity applications, high-power applications and polarization-dependant applications of NV diamonds.…”