Absorption and Bioavailability of Nano-Size Reduced Calcium Citrate Fortified Milk Powder in Ovariectomized and Ovariectomized-Osteoporosis Rats

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fortification and nano-size reduction on calcium absorption and bioavailability of milk powder formula in sham, ovariectomized, and ovariectomized-osteoporosis rats as a menopause and menopause-osteoporosis model. Skim milk powder and skim milk powder fortified with calcium citrate and the suitable doses of inulin, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and vitamins D3, K1, and B6 were formulated based on the North American and Western European recommended dietary allowances. Optimization on cycle and pressure of high-pressure homogenizer was done to produce nano-fortified milk powder. In vivo study demonstrated that fortification and calcium citrate nano-fortified milk powder increased absorption and bioavailability of calcium, as well as bone stiffness and bone strength in sham, ovariectomized, and ovariectomized-osteoporosis rats. This study successfully developed an effective fortified milk powder for food application.

Nanotechnology towards prevention of anaemia and osteoporosis: from concept to market

“…The bone mineral content was measured using an X-ray Computed Tomography scan and the bone mechanical strength was measured using the three-point bending technique. The bone mineral content was found to be 382.0 and 352.5 mg for ZnSO 4 and ZnTCP, respectively. The bone mechanical strength was found to be 98.9 and 157.0 N for ZnSO 4 and ZnTCP, respectively.…”

“…The bone mineral content was found to be 382.0 and 352.5 mg for ZnSO 4 and ZnTCP, respectively. The bone mechanical strength was found to be 98.9 and 157.0 N for ZnSO 4 and ZnTCP, respectively. ZnTCP induced sufficient bone formation because it is released slowly and in a controlled manner due to its low solubility in body fluids.…”

“…OVX osteoporosis rats were injected with ZnSO 4 and ZnTCP powder dissolved in corn oil around the jaw bone. The bone mineral content was measured using an X-ray Computed Tomography scan and the bone mechanical strength was measured using the three-point bending technique.…”

“…[4] hydroxycarbonate apatite forms on the glass surface, when it comes in contact with the biological fluids, which leads to the binding of soft tissues in the bone. Since the components of bioactive glass are those naturally found in the body, the glass is eventually absorbed and replaced by bone.…”

“…Nano-size reduction of the drugs greatly enhances and alters their properties like stability, solubility, absorption, bioavailability, mechanism of action, etc. [2][3][4]. Min et al [5] reported that the drug stability and tumour-targeting ability of camptothecin, encapsulated in glycol chitosan nanoparticles that have been hydrophically modified by conjugating 5b-cholanic acid moieties, were higher than those of free camptothecin, as observed in mice models.…”