Absolute Standardization of Beta-emitting Isotopes with a Liquid Scintillation Counter

Measurement of the radon concentration in purified water in the Super-Kamiokande IV detector

“…Tap water from the university was used as the Rn source. Its concentration was measured with a liquid scintillator counter (LSC) system (Tri-Crab 2900TR produced by PerkinElmer Inc.), a standard method for evaluating hot spring water [52][53][54], and found to be 5-7 Bq/L. The pressure inside the mixing column was monitored by two pressure gauges, located at the inlet and the outlet of the mixing column, because the Rn extraction efficiency may depend on this quantity.…”

Applications of Organic Scintillators

“…Sugars, salts, purines, alkali digests of plasma and tissue samples, and body fluids such as urine and blood serum are among the diverse materials counted by this method Okita et al, 1956;Werbin et al, 1959;Davidson, 1961;Gjone et al, 1960;Butler, 1961). The method may also be used for the absolute standardization of ^-emitters (Steyn, 1956).…”

“…The counting liquid becomes weakly contaminated, so that the background count must be measured prior to the introduction of the source. Steyn (1956) has described a similar method for the absolute standardization of ^-emitters in which the source is introduced into a toluene-ethanol 4 g l"1 PPO solution in aqueous solution [see Sec tion 10. 2…”

Counting Methods for the Assay of Radioactive Samples

“…The prospects for liquid scintillation counting, however, seem very promising. Steyn (98) has shown that liquid scintillation counting may be successfully employed for the absolute standardization of beta sources. He has used refrigeration at -20°C to reduce the background.…”