Absolute Salinity, ''Density Salinity'' and the Reference-Composition Salinity Scale: present and future use in the seawater standard TEOS-10

Wright, Daniel G.; Pawlowicz, Rich; McDougall, Trevor J.; Feistel, Rainer; Marion, G. M.

doi:10.5194/os-7-1-2011

Cited by 73 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…For standard seawater our best estimates of TA and DIC are 0.0023 (S P /35) mol kg −1 and 0.00208 (S P /35) mol kg −1 , respectively (from Pawlowicz, 2010a;Pawlowicz et al, 2011 andWright et al, 2011). The coefficients in Eq.…”

Section: T J Mcdougall Et Al: Algorithm For Estimating Absolute Samentioning

confidence: 92%

“…These issues have not been well studied to date, but what is known can be found in Pawlowicz et al (2011), Wright et al (2011) andIOC et al (2010). The Absolute Salinity S A that is the salinity argument of the TEOS-10 Gibbs function is the version of Absolute Salinity that provides the best estimate of the density of seawater.…”

Section: T J Mcdougall Et Al: Algorithm For Estimating Absolute Samentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But silica is not the only quantity whose concentration changes in the global ocean, and Pawlowicz (2010a) and Pawlowicz et al (2011) have constructed chemical models of conductivity and of density to estimate how the concentrations of several species affect both the electrical conductivity (and therefore Practical Salinity) and the density (and therefore the Absolute Salinity) of seawater. The chemistry involved in those papers will be unfamiliar to many physical oceanographers, but can be summarised as follows (see Wright et al (2011) andIOC et al (2010)). If measurements are available of the total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, and the nitrate and silicate concentrations, the Absolute Salinity S A of seawater may be estimated from…”

Section: T J Mcdougall Et Al: Algorithm For Estimating Absolute Samentioning

confidence: 99%

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A global algorithm for estimating Absolute Salinity

et al. 2012

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Abstract. The International Thermodynamic Equation ofSeawater -2010 has defined the thermodynamic properties of seawater in terms of a new salinity variable, Absolute Salinity, which takes into account the spatial variation of the composition of seawater. Absolute Salinity more accurately reflects the effects of the dissolved material in seawater on the thermodynamic properties (particularly density) than does Practical Salinity.When a seawater sample has standard composition (i.e.

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Section: T J Mcdougall Et Al: Algorithm For Estimating Absolute Samentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: T J Mcdougall Et Al: Algorithm For Estimating Absolute Samentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: T J Mcdougall Et Al: Algorithm For Estimating Absolute Samentioning

confidence: 99%

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A global algorithm for estimating Absolute Salinity

et al. 2012

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“…In the definition of S A , the concept of dissolved material is defined in the case of standard seawater with a standard composition, but Pawlowicz et al [12] recognized that 'defining dissolved inorganic solute in seawater is not entirely straightforward' and that 'the remaining of organic material is poorly understood' particularly for calculations of density and thermodynamic properties. Wright et al [5] have clarified the concept of absolute salinity in the case of seawaters with composition anomalies and, R. Pawlowicz [13] attempted to characterize δS A in oceanic areas where seawater is diluted by river waters, but dissolved organic matter or sediments are excluded in these studies, whereas they modify seawater density and conductivity measurements, as will be shown in this publication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Sediment Suspensions on Seawater Salinity Assessments

Menn¹

2017

WROS

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Abstract:The absolute salinity of seawater can be assessed by conductivity measurements and the calculation of a practical salinity, or by density measurements. The effect of low concentrations of suspended particulate matter on these measurements has never been documented, but the theories developed to explain and predict the conductivity of sediments show clearly that, under an electrical field, they interact with the ionic composition of seawater. Moreover, it can be easily shown that adding any quantity of particles has an effect on the measured density of a seawater sample. This publication describes a measurement method settled to measure the effect of sediment particles on seawater conductivity and proposes relations for explaining and predicting the observed phenomena. It also describes the effects of particles on density measurements. The results obtained show that the errors on the measured conductivities (and practical salinities) caused by sand in suspensions, are less than 0.001 mS cm -1 (on average) with concentrations encountered in oceans fields, but that these cannot be neglected in some coastal areas. The amplitude of the measurement noise leaded by particles circulation in the conductivity cell exceeds 0.002 in salinity beyond 200 mg l

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“…In these cases it is recommended that the factors in Eqs. 9 and 5 be estimated more precisely using either laboratory-measured conductivities and densities and/or model-calculated values using, e.g., LIMCOND (Pawlowicz 2008) and LIMBETA (Pawlowicz et al 2011) and a full chemical composition.…”

Section: P1: To Determine S a From A Full Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limnological applications of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS‐10)

Pawlowicz

Feistel

2012

Limnology & Ocean Methods

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Virtually any study of natural waters relies at some point on knowledge of particular physical properties of the fluid. These physical properties depend on the temperature, pressure, and the chemical composition of dissolved matter in the solution. The amount of dissolved matter is often characterized using a single scalar, the salinity. Since the freshwater and saline inland waters typically studied by limnologists, which we denote "limnological" waters, include a wide range of relative compositions, the relationships between physical properties of different lakes and rivers and the salinity are also variable.Physical properties of particular limnological waters have been estimated by various means. These include direct measurements of the water in question (McManus et al. 1992;Jellison et al. 1999;Vollmer et al. 2002), empirical or semi-empirical "corrections" to known seawater relationships (Vollmer et al. 2002;Fisher and Lawrence 2006), direct numerical calculation based on an analysis of the composition and a chemical theory (Wüest et al. 1996;Millero 2000;Pawlowicz 2008; Boehrer et al. 2010), or for some thermodynamic properties, use of a generic set of "limnological" equations (Chen and Millero 1986). As one might expect for such a heterogeneous set of ad hoc approaches, little is known of the accuracy of the results or the degree to which they can be generalized. The generic equations in particular are the easiest to apply, but give results with the largest degree of uncertainty.Recently, a new international standard for the thermodynamic properties of seawater has been developed, the Ther- AbstractThe new Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10) provides a highly accurate, thermodynamically consistent, and complete representation of all thermodynamic properties of seawater over a wide range in temperature and salinity. These properties include density, sound speed, heat capacity, enthalpy, chemical potential, and many others. Here we provide simple procedures by which limnological studies can take advantage of TEOS-10. These require replacing the TEOS-10 salinity argument, seawater Absolute Salinity S A , with a limnological salinity S a . In typical natural waters where anion concentrations are dominated by HCO 3 -or Cl -, S a can be approximated by the solution salinity S a soln , obtained by summing the concentrations of different dissolved constituents in a complete chemical analysis after multiplying by their molar masses. Slightly better results can be obtained, especially at very low salinities where silicic acid Si(OH) 4 is an important constituent, by using a density salinity S a dens carefully defined by dividing the solution salinity into an ionic and a nonionic part and changing the weighting factors for each in the summation. In cases where the dominant anion is HCO 3 -, which covers the majority of inland waters, measurements of electrical conductivity can be used to estimate the ionic salinity, which will be ≈60% greater than the Absolute Salinity of seawater of the same conduc...

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Absolute Salinity, ''Density Salinity'' and the Reference-Composition Salinity Scale: present and future use in the seawater standard TEOS-10

Abstract: Abstract. Salinity plays a key role in the determination of the thermodynamic properties of seawater and the new TEOS-10

Cited by 73 publications

References 53 publications

A global algorithm for estimating Absolute Salinity

A global algorithm for estimating Absolute Salinity

Effect of Sediment Suspensions on Seawater Salinity Assessments

Limnological applications of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS‐10)

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