Absolute frequency atlas of molecular I/sub 2/ lines at 532 nm

Ye, Jun; Robertsson, L.; Picard, S.; Ma, Lei; Hall, John L.

doi:10.1109/19.769654

Cited by 119 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…However, with realistic values for the experimental parameters used, the spatial sideband separation produced by this effect was at least four orders of magnitude too small, even if it was assumed that the end faces of the LiNbO 3 crystal were not parallel. Also, the spatial sideband separation, c, should increase as the angle of incidence becomes larger, leading to higher levels of RAM as predicted by equation (6). However, as shown in figure 4 this trend was not observed.…”

Section: Ram Arising From the Geometric Overlap Of Pump And Probe Beamsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) is an attractive technique for realizing optical frequency references by stabilizing the frequency of the laser to an accuracy that can surpass 1 part in 10 12 [1]. Consequently, these references have become important tools used by national measurement laboratories as their most accurate realizations of fundamental units such as distance and time [2][3][4][5][6]. MTS is based upon a nonlinear process where sidebands from a modulated pump beam are transferred to a previously unmodulated probe beam via the interaction with the saturable medium [7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Residual amplitude modulation mechanisms in modulation transfer spectroscopy that use electro-optic modulators

Jaatinen¹,

Hopper²,

Back³

2008

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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Three independent mechanisms are described that contaminate the phase-modulated pump beam of an optical frequency reference stabilized by modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) with residual amplitude modulation (RAM). The electro-optic modulator, the beam geometry and the absorption of the saturated medium all separately generate undesired RAM that degrades the accuracy of the optical frequency reference. An analysis is presented that shows how frequency shifts introduced by the different mechanisms can be evaluated in typical MTS set-ups and minimized. The analysis also shows how the detector phase can be used to measure the total RAM in the system and how the phase required to remove any remaining frequency offsets can be evaluated.

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Section: Ram Arising From the Geometric Overlap Of Pump And Probe Beamsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residual amplitude modulation mechanisms in modulation transfer spectroscopy that use electro-optic modulators

Jaatinen¹,

Hopper²,

Back³

2008

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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show abstract

“…We chose to lock on the a 10 R(56)32-0 line, which is intrinsically narrow, strong, and sufficiently isolated from other lines. This transition has often been used as a frequency reference and provides very good frequencystability results over the long time scale, especially beyond 100 s [7][8][9]. And as can be seen on Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Up to now, prestabilization on a Fabry-Perot cavity has been considered [6]. However, another prestabilization technique often used in metrology [7][8][9], based on the use of a hyperfine transition of the iodine molecule as frequency discriminator, may be an interesting way.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular laser stabilization at low frequencies for the LISA mission

et al. 2010

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We have developed a 532 nm iodine stabilized laser system that may be suitable for the LISA mission (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) or other future spaceborne missions. This system is based on an externally frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser source and uses the molecular transfer spectroscopy technique for the frequency stabilization. This technique has been optimized for LISA: compactness (less than 1.1×1.1m2), vacuum compatibility, ease of use and initialization, minimization of the number of active components (acousto-optic modulators are both used for frequency shifting and phase modulating the pump beam). By locking on the a10 hyperfine component of the R(56)32-0 transition, we find an Allan standard deviation (σ) of 3×10-14 at 1 s and σ<2×10-14 for 20s≤τ≤103s. In terms of linear spectral density, this roughly corresponds to a stability better than 30Hz/Hz between 10-2 and 1 Hz with a stability decrease close to 1/f below 10 mHz

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“…The goal is to test at the 1E-18 level frequency shifts owing to spatial anisotropy, local position invariance, gravitational potential and boost. In the first planning, the onboard optical clock of choice will use stabilization to a molecular transition in I 2 [33] or in HCCH [34], or perhaps CO 2 . The length etalons will be multiply redundant, with stability at the thermo-mechanical mirror motion limit.…”

Section: Other Applications For Standards' Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning from the time and length redefinitions, and the metre demotion

Hall

2011

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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After discussing several issues in a future redefinition of the kilogram, this paper considers the lessons that one might have learned from the analogous redefinitions of the metre and the second. The progress of length metrology was slow and steady, from seven digits reproducibility with the 1889 X-shaped metre prototype, to nine digits with Kr lamps, to 11 digits with the 1983 redefinition of the metre using the speed of light. With laser cooling, the Cs clock improved to 15, now 16, digits (and so also astronomical distance measurements could improve). Laser-cooled ions, and now atoms captured and cooled in an optical lattice, enable accuracy capability of three different optical frequency references to exceed 17 digits, i.e. better than time itself. The optical comb and related techniques vastly simplify frequency comparisons. Such progress stimulates a new satellite experiment, the STAR Mission (Space-Time Asymmetry Research). The goal is to test at the 1E-18 level frequency shifts owing to spatial anisotropy, position, gravitational potential and boost. The onboard optical clock will use stabilization to a molecular transition in I 2 or HCCH or CO 2 . The length etalons will be multiply redundant, with stability at the thermo-mechanical mirror motion limit. For a ULE glass etalon spacer (1987), I measure length creep approximately −1.5E-12/d, i.e. below 1E-14 over the 500 s satellite spin period.Keywords: choosing base units; frequency stability; optical atomic clocks; defining the speed of light; redefinition of the kilogram BackgroundWith the great progress in the international 'Avogadro project', working to make the connection between atomic mass and the International System of Units (SI) mass scales, it will ultimately be appropriate to consider a redefinition of the SI kilogram unit [1]. The existing definition, in place for more than a century, speaks in terms of the mass of a particular metallic blob being kept in Sèvres, France, by the BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures;

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Absolute frequency atlas of molecular I/sub 2/ lines at 532 nm

Cited by 119 publications

References 6 publications

Residual amplitude modulation mechanisms in modulation transfer spectroscopy that use electro-optic modulators

Residual amplitude modulation mechanisms in modulation transfer spectroscopy that use electro-optic modulators

Molecular laser stabilization at low frequencies for the LISA mission

Learning from the time and length redefinitions, and the metre demotion

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