Absolute Bioavailability of Oral and Intramuscular Diazepam

Divoll, Marcia; Greenblatt, David J.; Ochs, Hermann R.; Shader, Richard I.

doi:10.1213/00000539-198301000-00001

Cited by 97 publications

(50 citation statements)

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“…Since intravenous dosage pharmacokinetic studies are not yet available, the total metabolic clearance of triazolam is not established. However, previous studies of other benzodiazepines including chlordiazepoxide (Greenblatt et al, 1978), diazepam (Divoll et al, 1983), and lorazepam (Greenblatt et al, 1979a(Greenblatt et al, , 1979b(Greenblatt et al, , 1982c indicate that absorption after oral administration is consistently 100% complete, even in the elderly. Under the assumption that triazolam behaves similarly, we calculated values of apparent oral clearance for triazolam.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Reduced clearance of triazolam in old age: relation to antipyrine oxidizing capacity.

Dj¹,

Divoll²,

Abernethy³

et al. 1983

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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1 Thirty-three healthy male and female volunteers aged 21 to 87 years received a single 0.5 mg oral dose of triazolam. Plasma triazolam concentrations were measured in multiple samples drawn during 24 h after the dose. 2 Mean triazolam elimination half-life was not significantly different between young and elderly men (3.0 vs 4.6 h), nor between young and elderly women (2.7 vs 3.2 h). 3 However, apparent oral clearance of triazolam was significantly reduced in elderly as compared to young groups of both sexes, leading to higher peak plasma concentrations and increased total area under the curve. 4 Values of half-life and clearance of antipyrine, a low-extraction hepatically oxidized compound, were poorly correlated with those of triazolam (r = 0.34 and 0.44, respectively), suggesting different mechanisms controlling age-related changes in clearance of these two hepatically oxidized drugs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Reduced clearance of triazolam in old age: relation to antipyrine oxidizing capacity.

Dj¹,

Divoll²,

Abernethy³

et al. 1983

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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“…When intravenous access has not yet been achieved either midazolam (5-10 mg) or lorazepam (2-4 mg) intramuscularly may be acceptable [52][53][54]. Diazepam should not be given intramuscularly because of erratic absorption [54][55][56].…”

Section: Treatment Of Arrhythmias Resulting From Cocaine-associated Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of patients with cocaine‐induced arrhythmias: bringing the bench to the bedside

Hoffman

2010

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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Widespread use of cocaine and its attendant toxicity has produced a wealth of benchwork studies and small animal investigations that evaluated the effects of cocaine on the cardiovascular system. Despite this wealth of knowledge, very little is known about the frequency or types of arrhythmias in patients with significant cocaine toxicity. The likely aetiologies; catecholamine excess, sodium channel blockade, potassium channel blockade, calcium channel effects, or ischaemia may act alone or in concert to produce a vast array of clinical findings that are modulated by hyperthermia, acidosis, hypoxia and electrolyte abnormalities. The initial paper in the series by Wood & Dargan providing the epidemiological framework of cocaine use and abuse is followed by a detailed review of the electrophysiological effects of cocaine by O'Leary & Hancox. This review is designed to complement the previous papers and focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of patients with cocaine‐associated arrhythmias.

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“…Furthermore our conclusion regarding age effects on oxaprozin kinetics would be biased by incomplete systemic availability only if systemic availability itself were age-dependent. Studies of absolute bioavailability of other orally-administered drugs, such as diazepam (Divoll et al, 1983), paracetamol (Divoll et al, 1982) and lorazepam (Greenblatt et al, 1979a,b) indicate that systemic availability is independent of age. Previous studies of age-related effects on drug metabolizing capacity indicate that old age may be associated with significant impairment of the capacity for drug oxidation, particularly in men (Greenblatt et al, 1982a.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%