Absence of transovarial transmission of bluetongue virus in Culicoides variipennis: Immunogold labelling of bluetongue virus antigen in developing oocytes from Culicoides variipennis (Coquillett)

Nunamaker, R. A.; Sieburth, Peggy J.; Dean, Victoria C.; Wigington, J. G.; Nunamaker, C.E.; Mecham, James O.

doi:10.1016/0300-9629(90)90036-r

Cited by 48 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Although this phenomenon has been shown to occur at various rates in some arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks, it has not been proven definitively for BTV with any Culicoides species [31], [32], [33]. Similarly, we did not identify BTV infection of either male or nulliparous female C. sonorensis collected during the interseasonal period although sample sizes were small.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

Seasonal and Interseasonal Dynamics of Bluetongue Virus Infection of Dairy Cattle and Culicoides sonorensis Midges in Northern California – Implications for Virus Overwintering in Temperate Zones

et al. 2014

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Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the cause of an economically important arboviral disease of domestic and wild ruminants. The occurrence of BTV infection of livestock is distinctly seasonal in temperate regions of the world, thus we determined the dynamics of BTV infection (using BTV-specific real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) among sentinel cattle and vector Culicoides sonorensis (C. sonorensis) midges on a dairy farm in northern California throughout both the seasonal and interseasonal (overwintering) periods of BTV activity from August 2012 until March 2014. The data confirmed widespread infection of both sentinel cattle and vector midges during the August – November period of seasonal BTV transmission, however BTV infection of parous female midges captured in traps set during daylight hours also was detected in February of both 2013 and 2014, during the interseasonal period. The finding of BTV-infected vector midges during mid-winter suggests that BTV may overwinter in northern California by infection of long-lived female C. sonorensis midges that were infected during the prior seasonal period of virus transmission, and reemerged sporadically during the overwintering period; however the data do not definitively preclude other potential mechanisms of BTV overwintering that are also discussed.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

Seasonal and Interseasonal Dynamics of Bluetongue Virus Infection of Dairy Cattle and Culicoides sonorensis Midges in Northern California – Implications for Virus Overwintering in Temperate Zones

et al. 2014

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“…17 Nevertheless, BTV persists in these regions, and the mechanism of this over-wintering phenomenon has never been convincingly elucidated. In this study, BTV nucleic acid was found in the blood of cattle approximately 160 days after a conservative estimate of the insect-killing frost date and hence the latest date expected for seasonal adult Culicoides-vectored transmission of BTV infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic Analysis of the Prolonged Bluetongue Virus RNA Presence Found in the Blood of Naturally Infected Cattle and Experimentally Infected Sheep

et al. 1994

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Bluetongue virus (BTV) RNA was detected by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the blood of 24 naturally infected cattle as long as 160 days after the estimated date of infection. Blood samples from these animals and from 10 experimentally BTV-infected sheep, which also exhibited a prolonged hematologic BTV RNA presence, were concurrently evaluated for viral infectivity. Infectivity analyses were conducted using the sentinel sheep inoculation and embryonated chicken egg inoculation procedures. Blood specimens from the experimental sheep 50, 56, 71, and 89 days after BTV inoculation were uniformly negative for viral infectivity despite their uniformly positive status with PCR evaluation. Three collections of blood from the naturally infected cattle at least 100, 135, and 160 days after infection also revealed no recoverable viral infectivity but an initially high and progressively decreasing prevalence of BTV with the PCR technique. These retrospective epidemiologic and prospective experimental approaches were concordant in that both studies demonstrated consistent discrepancies between the viral infectivity and the PCR diagnostic data. The significance of these discrepancies is discussed with respect to Koch's postulates and with respect to the possibility that the biological vector of BTV (Culicoides variipennis) may recover BTV infectivity from PCR-positive but virus isolation-negative blood.

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“…However, experiments designed to look for vertical transmission of BTV in Culicoides have consistently reported negative results (reviewed in [17]). One field study detected fragments of BTV RNA in larvae but no live virus [18], supporting the hypothesis that pores in the vitelline membrane sometimes permit proteins, RNA fragments, and other materials less than 11 nm in diameter to enter the developing egg, while mechanically preventing the passage of intact virus particles, which are much larger [19]. …”

Section: Overwintering In the Insect Vectormentioning

confidence: 85%

Where Does Bluetongue Virus Sleep in the Winter?

Wilson¹,

Darpel²,

Mellor³

2008

PLoS Biol

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Absence of transovarial transmission of bluetongue virus in Culicoides variipennis: Immunogold labelling of bluetongue virus antigen in developing oocytes from Culicoides variipennis (Coquillett)

Cited by 48 publications

References 22 publications

Seasonal and Interseasonal Dynamics of Bluetongue Virus Infection of Dairy Cattle and Culicoides sonorensis Midges in Northern California – Implications for Virus Overwintering in Temperate Zones

Seasonal and Interseasonal Dynamics of Bluetongue Virus Infection of Dairy Cattle and Culicoides sonorensis Midges in Northern California – Implications for Virus Overwintering in Temperate Zones

Diagnostic Analysis of the Prolonged Bluetongue Virus RNA Presence Found in the Blood of Naturally Infected Cattle and Experimentally Infected Sheep

Where Does Bluetongue Virus Sleep in the Winter?

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