Absence of Preferential Looking to the Eyes of Approaching Adults Predicts Level of Social Disability in 2-Year-Old Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Jones, Warren R.; Carr, Katelin; Klin, Ami

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.8.946

Cited by 511 publications

(464 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Such an approach fits with several eye-tracking studies that have similarly observed a particular focus on the mouth (Jones, Carr, & Klin, 2008; Klin, Jones, Schultz, Volkmar, & Cohen, 2002) and could reflect several different mechanisms. A bias toward the mouth (often also associated with a bias away from the eyes) could be associated with atypical communication in the condition (Langdell, 1978), an aversion to the socially intimidating eye region (Tanaka & Sung, 2013) or a failure to appreciate the utility of this information (Itier & Batty, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Atypical information-use in children with autism spectrum disorder during judgments of child and adult face identity

Ewing

Pellicano

King

et al. 2018

Developmental Neuropsychology

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Unusual patterns of fixation behavior in individuals with autism spectrum disorder during face tasks hint at atypical processing strategies that could contribute to diminished face expertise in this group. Here, we use the Bubbles reverse correlation technique to directly examine face-processing strategies during identity judgments in children with and without autism, and typical adults. Results support a qualitative atypicality in autistic face processing. We identify clear differences not only in the specific features relied upon for face judgments, but also more generally in the extent to which they demonstrate a flexible and adaptive profile of information use.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Atypical information-use in children with autism spectrum disorder during judgments of child and adult face identity

Ewing

Pellicano

King

et al. 2018

Developmental Neuropsychology

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“…Eye-tracking data collection procedures matched those reported in 6 and 36 . Eye-tracking was accomplished by a video-based, dark pupil/corneal reflection technique with hardware and software created by ISCAN, Inc. (Woburn, MA, USA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant viewing of social scenes is under genetic control and is atypical in autism

Constantino

Kennon-McGill

Weichselbaum

et al. 2017

Nature

Self Cite

236

254

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Long before infants reach, crawl, or walk, they explore the world by looking: they look to learn and to engage1, giving preferential attention to social stimuli including faces2, face-like stimuli3, and biological motion4. This capacity—social visual engagement—shapes typical infant development from birth5 and is pathognomonically impaired in children affected by autism6. Here we show that variation in viewing of social scenes—including levels of preferential attention and the timing, direction, and targeting of individual eye movements—is strongly influenced by genetic factors, with effects directly traceable to the active seeking of social information7. In a series of eye-tracking experiments conducted with 338 toddlers—including 166 epidemiologically-ascertained twins, 88 non-twins with autism, and 84 singleton controls—we find high monozygotic twin-twin concordance (0.91) and relatively low dizygotic concordance (0.35). Moreover, the measures that are most highly heritable, preferential attention to eye and mouth regions of the face, are also those that are differentially diminished in children with autism (Χ2=64.03, P<0.0001). These results—which implicate social visual engagement as a neurodevelopmental endophenotype—not only for autism, but for population-wide variation in social-information-seeking8—reveal a means of human biological niche construction, with phenotypic differences emerging from the interaction of individual genotypes with early life experience7.

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“…When attention is allocated to a face, it seems that it is directed to the mouth region for an atypically increased time compared to individuals who do not have autism and this may be an indicator of reliance upon speech and language to understand social interactions (Jones et al, 2008;Klin et al, 2002b). A strong pattern to have also emerged is that of atypically increased attention to bodies, objects, and background regions of stimuli (Klin et al, 2002b;Rice, Moriuchi, Jones & Klin, 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Attention during social interaction in children with autism: Comparison to specific language impairment, typical development, and links to social cognition

Hanley

Riby

McCormack

et al. 2014

Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders

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Eye-tracking studies have shown how people with autism spend significantly less time looking at socially relevant information on-screen compared to those developing typically. This has been suggested to impact on the development of socio-cognitive skills in autism. We present novel evidence of how attention atypicalities in children with autism extend to reallife interaction, in comparison to typically developing (TD) children and children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). We explored the allocation of attention during social interaction with an interlocutor, and how aspects of attention (awareness checking) related to traditional measures of social cognition (false belief attribution). We found divergent attention allocation patterns across the groups in relation to social cognition ability. Even though children with autism and SLI performed similarly on the socio-cognitive tasks, there were syndrome-specific atypicalities of their attention patterns. Children with SLI were most similar to TD children in terms of prioritizing attention to socially pertinent information (eyes, face, awareness checking). Children with autism showed reduced attention to the eyes and face, and slower awareness checking. This study provides unique and timely insight into real-world social gaze (a)typicality in autism, SLI and typical development, its relationship to socio-cognitive ability, and raises important issues for intervention.

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Absence of Preferential Looking to the Eyes of Approaching Adults Predicts Level of Social Disability in 2-Year-Old Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Cited by 511 publications

References 65 publications

Atypical information-use in children with autism spectrum disorder during judgments of child and adult face identity

Atypical information-use in children with autism spectrum disorder during judgments of child and adult face identity

Infant viewing of social scenes is under genetic control and is atypical in autism

Attention during social interaction in children with autism: Comparison to specific language impairment, typical development, and links to social cognition

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