Absence of Pilot Monitoring Affects Scanning Behavior of Pilot Flying: Implications for the Design of Single-Pilot Cockpits

Faulhaber, Anja K.; Friedrich, Maik; Kapol, Tatjana

doi:10.1177/0018720820939691

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Essential all-human teaming skills such as coordination, communication, and cooperation should be maintained for HAT, according to recent empirical HAT studies. By allocating some tasks to the existing automation systems and autonomous teammates, human teammate(s) have more time and fewer distractions to focus on essential information (Faulhaber et al, 2022).…”

Section: Recent Hat Empirical Study Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Communication is another key teaming skill. If the autonomous system can explain its actions and reasoning, this can build trust between teammates (Le Vie et al, 2021;Zhang et al, 2021;Faulhaber et al, 2022;Faulhaber et al, 2022). In some cases, the participants preferred explanations that help prevent and mitigate anomalies and provide actionable information to make informed decisions (Barkouki et al, 2023).…”

Section: Recent Hat Empirical Study Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Training varies for emerging autonomous systems and can focus on areas such as system capabilities or interactions. Current training processes should be adjusted for HAT concepts to enable human crew members to perform newly allocated tasks and new procedures (Faulhaber et al, 2022). There might be a need for novel training techniques to support crews.…”

Section: Citation Summarymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison and synthesis of two aerospace case studies to develop human-autonomy teaming requirements

Tokadli

Dorneich

2023

Front. Aerosp. Eng.

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This paper developed human-autonomy teaming (HAT) characteristics and requirements by comparing and synthesizing two aerospace case studies (Single Pilot Operations/Reduced Crew Operations and Long-Distance Human Space Operations) and the related recent HAT empirical studies. Advances in sensors, machine learning, and machine reasoning have enabled increasingly autonomous system technology to work more closely with human(s), often with decreasing human direction. As increasingly autonomous systems become more capable, their interactions with humans may evolve into a teaming relationship. However, humans and autonomous systems have asymmetric teaming capabilities, which introduces challenges when designing a teaming interaction paradigm in HAT. Additionally, developing requirements for HAT can be challenging for future operations concepts, which are not yet well-defined. Two case studies conducted previously document analysis of past literature and interviews with subject matter experts to develop domain knowledge models and requirements for future operations. Prototype delegation interfaces were developed to perform summative evaluation studies for the case studies. In this paper, a review of recent literature on HAT empirical studies was conducted to augment the document analysis for the case studies. The results of the two case studies and the literature review were compared and synthesized to suggest the common characteristics and requirements for HAT in future aerospace operations. The requirements and characteristics were grouped into categories of team roles, autonomous teammate types, interaction paradigms, and training. For example, human teammates preferred the autonomous teammate to have human-like characteristics (e.g., dialog-based conversation, social skills, and body gestures to provide cue-based information). Even though more work is necessary to verify and validate the requirements for HAT development, the case studies and recent empirical literature enumerate the types of functions and capabilities needed for increasingly autonomous systems to act as a teammate to support future operations.

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Section: Recent Hat Empirical Study Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recent Hat Empirical Study Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Citation Summarymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison and synthesis of two aerospace case studies to develop human-autonomy teaming requirements

Tokadli

Dorneich

2023

Front. Aerosp. Eng.

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“…), as opposed to the traditional control mode of aircraft cockpits (keyboard, switch, button, etc.) (Faulhaber et al , 2020). The direction of information flow has also changed with the introduction of intelligent interaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An information flow field model for human–machine interaction

Wu,

Sun,

2024

AEAT

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Purpose About 70% of all aircraft accidents are caused by human–machine interaction, thus identifying and quantifying performance shaping factors is a significant challenge in the study of human reliability. An information flow field model of human–machine interaction is put forward to help better pinpoint the factors influencing performance and to make up for the lack of a model of information flow and feedback processes in the aircraft cockpit. To enhance the efficacy of the human–machine interaction, this paper aims to examine the important coupling factors in the system using the findings of the simulation. Design/methodology/approach The performance-shaping factors were retrieved from the model, which was created to thoroughly describe the information flow. The coupling degree between the performance shaping factors was calculated, and simulation and sensitivity analysis are based on system dynamics. Findings The results show that the efficacy of human–computer interaction is significantly influenced by individual important factors and coupling factors. To decrease the frequency of accidents after seven hours, attention should be paid to these factors. Originality/value The novelty of this work lies in proposing a theoretical model of cockpit information flow and using system dynamics to analyse the effect of the factors in the human–machine loop on human–machine efficacy.

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“…The captain on the flight deck is responsible for major strategic and tactical decisions and has ultimate responsibility for decision-making and the overall safety of the flight. The co-pilot helps the captain operate the airplane and maintain navigation [2], [3]. The following accident scenario describes teamwork between the pilot and co-pilot: "On January 15, 2009, an Airbus took off from LaGuardia Airport.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ombudsman in Hong Kong : a quest to improve public administration in the HKSAR

Li¹,

李秀亮.²

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Advancements in technology, pilot shortages, and cost pressures are driving a trend towards single-pilot and even remote operations in aviation. Considering the extensive workload and huge risks associated with single-pilot operations, the development of a Virtual Co-Pilot (V-CoP) is expected to be a potential way to ensure aviation safety. This study proposes a V-CoP concept and explores how humans and virtual assistants can effectively collaborate. A preliminary case study is conducted to explore a critical role of V-CoP, namely automated quick procedures searching, using the multimodal large language model (LLM). The LLM-enabled V-CoP integrates the pilot's instruction and real-time cockpit instrumental data to prompt applicable aviation manuals and operation procedures. The results showed that the LLM-enabled V-CoP achieved high accuracy in situational analysis (90.5%) and effective retrieval of procedure information (86.5%). The proposed V-CoP is expected to provide a foundation for future virtual intelligent assistant development, improve the performance of single pilots, and reduce the risk of human errors in aviation.

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Absence of Pilot Monitoring Affects Scanning Behavior of Pilot Flying: Implications for the Design of Single-Pilot Cockpits

Cited by 15 publications

References 35 publications

Comparison and synthesis of two aerospace case studies to develop human-autonomy teaming requirements

Comparison and synthesis of two aerospace case studies to develop human-autonomy teaming requirements

An information flow field model for human–machine interaction

The ombudsman in Hong Kong : a quest to improve public administration in the HKSAR

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