Absence of Humoral Response in Flamingos and Red-Tailed Hawks to Experimental Vaccination with a Killed West Nile Virus Vaccine

Nusbaum, Kenneth E.; Wright, James C.; Johnston, William B.; Allison, Andrew B.; Hilton, Clayton D.; Staggs, Lydia; Stallknecht, David E.; Shelnutt, Joseph L.

doi:10.1637/7006

Cited by 44 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The inactivated virus vaccine used in the present study was used in red-tailed hawk before, where it failed to stimulate a detectable antibody response using a two shot regimen and reduced vaccine doses (20% of the full dose) [27]. In another study a three shot full dose regimen led to a detectable seroconversion (NT titers of 10) in 58.3% of birds of prey (including falcons) and corvids, but no challenge studies were conducted [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three immunizations with this vaccine resulted in low antibody titers in 60% of the animals, but again challenge experiments were not conducted [26]. In another study red-tailed hawks failed to develop detectable antibodies after immunization with this vaccine [27]. RECOMBITEK® was previously tested in Western scrub-jays ( Aphelocoma californica ) and provided partial protection, but also caused considerable side effects [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Limited efficacy of West Nile virus vaccines in large falcons (Falco spp.)

Angenvoort

Fischer

Fast

et al. 2014

Vet Res

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West Nile virus (WNV) can lead to fatal diseases in raptor species. Unfortunately, there is no vaccine which has been designed specifically for use in breeding stocks of falcons. Therefore the immunogenicity and protective capacity of two commercially available WNV vaccines, both approved for use in horses, were evaluated in large falcons. One vaccine contained adjuvanted inactivated WNV lineage 1 immunogens, while the second represented a canarypox recombinant live virus vector vaccine. The efficacy of different vaccination regimes for these two vaccines was assessed serologically and by challenging the falcons with a WNV strain of homologous lineage 1. Our studies show that the recombinant vaccine conveys a slightly better protection than the inactivated vaccine, but moderate (recombinant vaccine) or weak (inactivated vaccine) side effects were observed at the injection sites. Using the recommended 2-dose regimen, both vaccines elicited only sub-optimal antibody responses and gave only partial protection following WNV challenge. Better results were obtained for both vaccines after a third dose, i.e. alleviation of clinical signs, absence of fatalities and reduction of virus shedding and viraemia. Therefore the consequences of WNV infections in falcons can be clearly alleviated by vaccination, especially if the amended triple administration scheme is used, although side effects at the vaccination site must be accepted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limited efficacy of West Nile virus vaccines in large falcons (Falco spp.)

Angenvoort

Fischer

Fast

et al. 2014

Vet Res

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“…Especially at risk are species with limited distribution confined to areas with high levels of enzootic WNV transmission; for example, the California endemic Yellow-billed Magpie (Pica nuttalli) experienced marked declines upon the arrival of WNV into central California (Crosbie et al 2008, Wheeler et al 2009). Mortality associated with WNV has led managers of zoo collections and conservationists to vaccinate vulnerable species (Nusbaum et al 2003, Chang et al 2007, Okeson et al 2007, and in the interest of public health, researchers have investigated the potential for wildlife vaccination to interrupt WNV transmission (Turell et al 2003, Kilpatrick et al 2010). …”

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confidence: 99%

Efficacy of Three Vaccines in Protecting Western Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma californica) from Experimental Infection with West Nile Virus: Implications for Vaccination of Island Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma insularis)

Wheeler

Langevin

Woods

et al. 2011

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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The devastating effect of West Nile virus (WNV) on the avifauna of North America has led zoo managers and conservationists to attempt to protect vulnerable species through vaccination. The Island Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma insularis) is one such species, being a corvid with a highly restricted insular range. Herein, we used congeneric Western Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma californica) to test the efficacy of three WNV vaccines in protecting jays from an experimental challenge with WNV: (1) the Fort Dodge West Nile-Innovator Ò DNA equine vaccine, (2) an experimental DNA plasmid vaccine, pCBWN, and (3) the Merial Recombitek Ò equine vaccine. Vaccine efficacy after challenge was compared with naïve and nonvaccinated positive controls and a group of naturally immune jays. Overall, vaccination lowered peak viremia compared with nonvaccinated positive controls, but some WNV-related pathology persisted and the viremia was sufficient to possibly infect susceptible vector mosquitoes. The Fort Dodge West Nile-Innovator DNA equine vaccine and the pCBWN vaccine provided humoral immune priming and limited side effects. Five of the six birds vaccinated with the Merial Recombitek vaccine, including a vaccinated, non-WNV challenged control, developed extensive necrotic lesions in the pectoral muscle at the vaccine inoculation sites, which were attributed to the Merial vaccine. In light of the well-documented devastating effects of high morbidity and mortality associated with WNV infection in corvids, vaccination of Island Scrub-Jays with either the Fort Dodge West Nile-Innovator DNA vaccine or the pCBWN vaccine may increase the numbers of birds that would survive an epizootic should WNV become established on Santa Cruz Island.

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“…Almost 89% of the vaccinated animals showed hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and complement fixing (CF) antibodies while 55.5% animals showed low levels of WN neutralizing antibodies [123]. The vaccine, however, could not efficiently elicit neutralizing antibodies in flamingos and red-tailed hawks [124]. The Innovator ® vaccine was also tested in the baboon model for WN.…”

Section: Advances In Vaccine Approaches Against West Nile Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Vaccine Approaches for West Nile Virus

Iyer

Kousoulas

2013

IJERPH

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The West Nile virus (WNC) first appeared in North America in 1999. The North American lineages of WNV were characterized by the presence of neuroinvasive and neurovirulent strains causing disease and death in humans, birds and horses. The 2012 WNV season in the United States saw a massive spike in the number of neuroinvasive cases and deaths similar to what was seen in the 2002–2003 season, according to the West Nile virus disease cases and deaths reported to the CDC by year and clinical presentation, 1999–2012, by ArboNET (Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). In addition, the establishment and recent spread of lineage II WNV virus strains into Western Europe and the presence of neurovirulent and neuroinvasive strains among them is a cause of major concern. This review discusses the advances in the development of vaccines and biologicals to combat human and veterinary West Nile disease.

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Absence of Humoral Response in Flamingos and Red-Tailed Hawks to Experimental Vaccination with a Killed West Nile Virus Vaccine

Cited by 44 publications

References 5 publications

Limited efficacy of West Nile virus vaccines in large falcons (Falco spp.)

Limited efficacy of West Nile virus vaccines in large falcons (Falco spp.)

Efficacy of Three Vaccines in Protecting Western Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma californica) from Experimental Infection with West Nile Virus: Implications for Vaccination of Island Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma insularis)

A Review of Vaccine Approaches for West Nile Virus

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