Absence of heterologous antibody responses in human volunteers after rhinovirus vaccination

Abstract

Early reports of low level cross-neutralization reactions among the rhinoviruses (HAlving, CON~LLu and P~OCXNOW, 1964; HA~XPAl~IA~ et al., 1964) have been confirmed and expanded by F~NTERS and colleagues (1966) who found low level hcterologous responses in cattle immunised with rhinoviruses. They also showed that injection of previously immunised cattle and guinea pigs with heterologous related rhinoviruses induced anamnestie responses. In view of the possible applications to rhinovirus vaccines in man we investigated the heterologous responses induced in man by vaccines made from three different rhinoviruses which induce heterologous responses in animals: rhinovirus 2 which induced antibody in cattle against rhinoviruses 4, 33 and 34; rhinovirus 34 which induced heterologous antibody against rhinovirus 4 and some cross-reaction with rhinovirus 14; rhinovirus 35 which induced heterologous antibody against rhinoviruses 3, 4 and 14 (Fs, NT~aS et al,, 1966; ttAMaE, personal communication).Rhinovirus 2 vaccines were prepared either as live vaccine from PK strain grown in human embryo kidney cells or as formalin-inactivated vaccine from ttGP strain grown in monkey kidney cells. These vaccines were administered and sera collected as previously described (Scientific Committee on Common Cold Vaccines, 1965).Rhinovirus types 34 and 35 vaccines were grown in WI-38 cells and inactivated with formalin. Volunteers received two intramuscular injections of 1 ml of these vaccines at about monthly intervals. Sera were collected at each injection and one month after the final injection. Sera were titrated

Human rhinovirus spatial-temporal epidemiology in rural coastal Kenya, 2015-2016, observed through outpatient surveillance

“…At a population level of observation, repeated reinfections in individuals appears to reflect the introduction and circulation of new types in the community, rather than persistence of the same HRV types 21 – 24 . These observations are consistent with evidence from immunological studies on HRV that indicate strong homologous type responses and little heterotypic immunity to protect individuals against multiple types 25 – 27 . Moreover, studies have shown that individuals develop relatively long-lasting (~ 1 year) type-specific neutralizing antibodies (IgG and IgA) against a specific infecting HRV-type but susceptibility to other different HRV types remains and infection will occur as so long as there is an exposure 28 , 29 .…”

Human rhinovirus spatial-temporal epidemiology in rural coastal Kenya, 2015-2016, observed through outpatient surveillance

“…At a population level of observation, repeated reinfections in individuals appears to reflect the introduction and circulation of new types in the community, rather than persistence of the same HRV types 18– 21 . These observations are consistent with evidence from immunological studies on HRV that indicate strong homologous type responses and little heterotypic immunity to protect individuals against multiple types 22– 24 . Moreover, studies have shown that individuals develop relatively long-lasting (~ 1 year) type-specific neutralizing antibodies (IgG and IgA) against a specific infecting HRV-type but susceptibility to other different HRV types remains and infection will occur as so long as there is an exposure 25, 26 .…”

Characterization of the T Cell Response to Human Rhinovirus in Children: Implications for Understanding the Immunopathology of the Common Cold

“…future challenge with cross-reactive virus [5]. Th1 cytokines (such as IFN-g) may antagonize this by inhibiting the humoral Although the presence of a CD8 T cell response to HRV is not excluded here, and such CD8 cells will undoubtedly play responses [11] and delaying induction of neutralizing antibody [12]. On the other hand, IFN-g may also contribute to virus a role in the elimination of infected cells, the data reported here relate primarily to CD4 cells.…”