Absence of gaze direction effects on EEG measures of sensorimotor function

Hesse, C. W.; Seiss, Ellen; Bracewell, R. Martyn; Praamstra, Peter

doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(03)00302-x

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…It should be noted that there was a small remaining asymmetry in posture, since participants had to look left or right from the midline. Hence, gaze direction effects on motor cortical activity (Baker et al 1999) cannot be ruled out entirely, although we have previously not been able to detect such effects in movement-related electroencephalography (EEG) potentials (Hesse et al 2004). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Misconceptions about Mirror-Induced Motor Cortex Activation

et al. 2011

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Observation of self-produced hand movements through a mirror, creating an illusion of the opposite hand moving, was recently reported to induce ipsilateral motor cortex activation, that is, motor cortex activation for the hand in rest. The reported work goes far beyond earlier work on motor cortex activation induced by action observation, by implying a complete reversal of contralateral and ipsilateral motor cortex activation under mirror view conditions. Such a reversal would represent an unprecedented degree of neural plasticity. We considered such a reversal physiologically implausible and conducted a study with an improved design. The results refute the reversal of contralateral and ipsilateral motor cortex activation under mirrored viewing conditions as methodologically unsound. The investigation confirmed, however, more subtle expressions of motor cortical activity induced by self-produced movements observed through a mirror.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Misconceptions about Mirror-Induced Motor Cortex Activation

et al. 2011

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“…Previous works have investigated different options in the attempt to find a neutral reference location. Several referencing schemes have been suggested like the vertex (Lehmann et al, 1998; Hesse et al, 2004), unimastoid (Başar et al, 1998; Thatcher et al, 2001), linked mastoids (Gevins and Smith, 2000; Croft et al, 2002), or nose (Andrew and Pfurtscheller, 1996; Essl and Rappelsberger, 1998), but no true neutral location has been found (Nunez and Srinivasan, 2006). Moreover, the average reference (Offner, 1950; Nunez et al, 2001) and the Reference Electrode Standardization Technique (REST) (Yao, 2001) have been shown to be valid solutions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-linear Analysis of Scalp EEG by Using Bispectra: The Effect of the Reference Choice

et al. 2017

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Bispectral analysis is a signal processing technique that makes it possible to capture the non-linear and non-Gaussian properties of the EEG signals. It has found various applications in EEG research and clinical practice, including the assessment of anesthetic depth, the identification of epileptic seizures, and more recently, the evaluation of non-linear cross-frequency brain functional connectivity. However, the validity and reliability of the indices drawn from bispectral analysis of EEG signals are potentially biased by the use of a non-neutral EEG reference. The present study aims at investigating the effects of the reference choice on the analysis of the non-linear features of EEG signals through bicoherence, as well as on the estimation of cross-frequency EEG connectivity through two different non-linear measures, i.e., the cross-bicoherence and the antisymmetric cross-bicoherence. To this end, four commonly used reference schemes were considered: the vertex electrode (Cz), the digitally linked mastoids, the average reference, and the Reference Electrode Standardization Technique (REST). The reference effects were assessed both in simulations and in a real EEG experiment. The simulations allowed to investigated: (i) the effects of the electrode density on the performance of the above references in the estimation of bispectral measures; and (ii) the effects of the head model accuracy in the performance of the REST. For real data, the EEG signals recorded from 10 subjects during eyes open resting state were examined, and the distortions induced by the reference choice in the patterns of alpha-beta bicoherence, cross-bicoherence, and antisymmetric cross-bicoherence were assessed. The results showed significant differences in the findings depending on the chosen reference, with the REST providing superior performance than all the other references in approximating the ideal neutral reference. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of considering the effects of the reference choice in the interpretation and comparison of the results of bispectral analysis of scalp EEG.

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“…Ideally, the reference site should be an electrically neutral location, where there are no potential changes; however, there are no truly neutral locations in the human body. In order to reduce the influence of the reference electrode, a number of different reference schemes have been proposed, such as the Cz (Lehmann et al, 1998 ; Hesse et al, 2004 ), nose (Andrew and Pfurtscheller, 1996 ; Essl and Rappelsberger, 1998 ), linked mastoids or ears (Gevins and Smith, 2000 ; Croft et al, 2002 ; Jin et al, 2015 ), and CAR (Offner, 1950 ; Nunez et al, 2001 ). Related studies have indicated that the CAR reference has obtained a large consensus because it is least biased (Srinivasan et al, 1998 ; Ferree, 2006 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Electroencephalogram Reference Influences the Movement Readiness Potential?

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2017

Front. Neurosci.

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Readiness potential (RP) based on electroencephalograms (EEG) has been studied extensively in recent years, but no studies have investigated the influence of the reference electrode on RP. In order to investigate the reference effect, 10 subjects were recruited and the original vertex reference (Cz) was used to record the raw EEG signal when the subjects performed a motor preparation task. The EEG was then transformed to the common average reference (CAR) and reference electrode standardization technique (REST) reference, and we analyzed the RP waveform and voltage topographies and calculated the classification accuracy of idle and RP EEG segments. Our results showed that the RP waveform and voltage topographies were greatly influenced by the reference, but the classification accuracy was less affected if proper channels were selected as features. Since the Cz channel is near the primary motor cortex, where the source of RP is located, using the REST and CAR references is recommended to get accurate RP waveforms and voltage topographies.

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Absence of gaze direction effects on EEG measures of sensorimotor function

Cited by 15 publications

References 23 publications

Misconceptions about Mirror-Induced Motor Cortex Activation

Misconceptions about Mirror-Induced Motor Cortex Activation

Non-linear Analysis of Scalp EEG by Using Bispectra: The Effect of the Reference Choice

How Electroencephalogram Reference Influences the Movement Readiness Potential?

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