Absence of Free-Cylindrospermopsin Bioconcentration in Water Thyme (Hydrilla verticillata)

White, S.H.; Duivenvoorden, L. J.; Fabbro, Larelle

doi:10.1007/s00128-005-0790-0

Cited by 18 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Plants accumulate xenobiotics and toxins when the bioconcentration factor (BCF) is higher than one (Karjalainen et al 2003). Macrophytes H. verticillata (White et al 2005) and S. oligorrhiza (Kinnear et al 2007) as well as the edible plants L. sativa, P. vulgaris, P. sativum, S. tuberosum (Silva and Vasconcelos 2010), O. sativa (Prieto et al 2011), B. oleraceae var. sabellica and B. juncea (Kittler et al 2012) has showed a bioconcentration factor for CYN lower than 1.…”

Section: Bioconcentration and Phytoremediation Of Cyn By A Filiculoidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biochemical and growth performance of the aquatic macrophyte Azolla filiculoides to sub-chronic exposure to cylindrospermopsin

et al. 2015

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Physiological and biochemical effects of cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a cyanobacterial toxin that inhibits protein synthesis and released during a harmful cyanobacterial bloom, has been overlooked in plants. Therefore, at the present research, the toxic effects (physiological and biochemical) of a crude extract containing CYN were assessed in the aquatic fern Azolla filiculoides exposed to three concentrations (0.05, 0.5 and 5 μg CYN mL(-1)). At 5 μg CYN mL(-1), fern growth rate has showed a drastic decrease (0.001 g g(-1) day(-1)) corresponding to a 99.8% inhibition, but at the concentrations of 0.05 and 0.5 μg CYN mL(-1) the growth rate was similar to the control plants. Growth rate also indicated a IC50 of 2.9 μg CYN mL(-1). Those data point to the presence of other compounds in the crude extract may stimulate the fern growth and/or the fern is tolerant to CYN. Chlorophyll (a and b), carotenoids and protein content as well as the activities of glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) has increased at 5 μg CYN mL(-1) which may indicate that photosynthesis and protein synthesis are not affected by CYN and the probable activation of defense and detoxifying mechanisms to overcome the effects induced by the presence of CYN. Low uptake of cylindrospermopsin (1.314 μg CYN g(-1) FW) and low bioconcentration factor (0.401) point towards to a safe use of A. filiculoides as biofertilizer and as food source, but also indicate that the fern is not suitable for CYN phytoremediation.

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Section: Bioconcentration and Phytoremediation Of Cyn By A Filiculoidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CYN has been detected in the aquatic macrophytes H. verticillata (White et al 2005) and S. oligorrhiza (Kinnear et al 2007) and in the agronomic crops P. vulgaris, L. sativa and P. sativum (Silva and Vasconcelos 2010), O. sativa (Prieto et al 2011) and B. juncea and B. oleracea var. sabellica (Kittler et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Biochemical and growth performance of the aquatic macrophyte Azolla filiculoides to sub-chronic exposure to cylindrospermopsin

et al. 2015

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“…To fill this gap in knowledge, advances in this field could provide helpful information for public health, concerning the bioaccumulation of CYN in plants and how water resources should be used to minimize crop contamination. White et al (2005) [ 39 ] suggested that the aquatic macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata might adsorb CYN in the plant cell walls instead of taking up the toxin through the cells. CYN transdermal absorption could represent an important route of plant uptake because of CYN high presence in dissolved form in the environment [ 40 , 41 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of a Method for Cylindrospermopsin Determination in Vegetables: Application to Real Samples Such as Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

Prieto

Guzmán-Guillén

Díez-Quijada

et al. 2018

Toxins

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Reports on the occurrence of the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) have increased worldwide because of CYN toxic effects in humans and animals. If contaminated waters are used for plant irrigation, these could represent a possible CYN exposure route for humans. For the first time, a method employing solid phase extraction and quantification by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) of CYN was optimized in vegetables matrices such as lettuce (Lactuca sativa). The validated method showed a linear range, from 5 to 500 ng CYN g−1 of fresh weight (f.w.), and detection and quantitation limits (LOD and LOQ) of 0.22 and 0.42 ng CYN g−1 f.w., respectively. The mean recoveries ranged between 85 and 104%, and the intermediate precision from 12.7 to 14.7%. The method showed to be robust for the three different variables tested. Moreover, it was successfully applied to quantify CYN in edible lettuce leaves exposed to CYN-contaminated water (10 µg L−1), showing that the tolerable daily intake (TDI) in the case of CYN could be exceeded in elderly high consumers. The validated method showed good results in terms of sensitivity, precision, accuracy, and robustness for CYN determination in leaf vegetables such as lettuce. More studies are needed in order to prevent the risks associated with the consumption of CYN-contaminated vegetables.

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“…In addition, the least amount of CYN uptake was shown in the aquatic macrophyte compared to the other test organisms (Figure ). Similarly, no bioconcentration was found in CYN‐exposed Hydrilla verticillata or Spirodela oligorrhiza with longer exposure periods to higher concentrations, and detection of nanogram quantities of free CYN was attributed to cell wall adsorption . For S. oligorrhiza and H. verticillata , 30 ng g –1 and 15 ng g –1 fresh weights were reported, significantly higher than the 0.018 ng g –1 dry weight seen for E. densa .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Development and validation of an in‐house quantitative analysis method for cylindrospermopsin using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: Quantification demonstrated in 4 aquatic organisms

Esterhuizen-Londt

Kühn

Pflugmacher

2015

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is of great concern in aquatic environments because of its incidence, multiple toxicity endpoints, and, therefore, the severity of health implications. It may bioaccumulate in aquatic food webs, resulting in high exposure concentrations to higher-order trophic levels, particularly humans. Because of accumulation at primary levels resulting from exposure to trace amounts of toxin, a sensitive analytical technique with proven aquatic applications is required. In the present study, a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method with a lower limit of detection of 200 fg on column (signal-to-noise ratio = 3, n = 9) and a lower limit of quantification of 1 pg on column (signal-to-noise ratio = 11, n = 9) with demonstrated application in 4 aquatic organisms is described. The analytical method was optimized and validated with a linear range (r(2) = 0.999) from 0.1 ng mL(-1) to 100 ng mL(-1) CYN. Mean recovery of the extraction method was 98 ± 2%. Application of the method was demonstrated by quantifying CYN uptake in Scenedesmus subspicatus (green algae), Egeria densa (Brazilian waterweed), Daphnia magna (water flea), and Lumbriculus variegatus (blackworm) after 24 h of static exposure to 50 μg L(-1) CYN. Uptake ranged from 0.05% to 0.11% of the nominal CYN exposure amount. This constitutes a sensitive and reproducible method for extraction and quantification of unconjugated CYN with demonstrated application in 4 aquatic organisms, which can be used in further aquatic toxicological investigations.

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Absence of Free-Cylindrospermopsin Bioconcentration in Water Thyme (Hydrilla verticillata)

Cited by 18 publications

References 30 publications

Biochemical and growth performance of the aquatic macrophyte Azolla filiculoides to sub-chronic exposure to cylindrospermopsin

Biochemical and growth performance of the aquatic macrophyte Azolla filiculoides to sub-chronic exposure to cylindrospermopsin

Validation of a Method for Cylindrospermopsin Determination in Vegetables: Application to Real Samples Such as Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

Development and validation of an in‐house quantitative analysis method for cylindrospermopsin using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: Quantification demonstrated in 4 aquatic organisms

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