Absence of B lymphocytes in a horse with primary agammaglobulinemia

Banks, Keith L.; McGuire, Travis C.; Jerrells, Thomas R.

doi:10.1016/0090-1229(76)90033-7

Cited by 35 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Germinal centres are present in the spleen and lymph nodes of equine fetuses from seven months of gestation (McGuire and others 1976a), and their absence, including the lack of detectable germinal centre ‘stroma’, is consistent with a primary (B lymphocyte) defect rather than acquired lymphocyte destruction by, for example, equine herpesvirus infection (Bryans and others 1977). However, foals with B lymphocyte deficiency did not develop opportunistic infections until two to six months of age and no adenoviral or cryptosporidial infections were described (Banks and others 1976, McGuire and others 1976b, Deem and others 1979). In contrast, the age of onset in these Fell pony foals is similar to Arab foals with severe combined (B and T lymphocyte) immune deficiency ( scid ) in which adenoviral and cryptosporidial infections are classical opportunists (Perryman and others 1978, Snyder and others 1978, Mair and others 1990, Bjorneby and others 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A syndrome of anaemia, immunodeficiency and peripheral ganglionopathy in Fell pony foals

Scholes

Holliman

May³

et al. 1998

Veterinary Record

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Fell pony foals developed a syndrome of anaemia, immunodeficiency and peripheral ganglionopathy. They became ill in the second or third week, and died in the second or third month of life. Clinical and pathological investigations revealed severe anaemia associated with small numbers of late erythroid precursors in bone marrow, small thymi, an absence of secondary lymphoid follicles, a lack of plasma cells and neuronal chromatolysis involving trigeminal, cranial mesenteric and dorsal root ganglia. Some of the foals had cryptosporidial enteritis and adenoviral bronchopneumonia and pancreatitis. The clinical and pathological findings were compatible with an intrinsic defect.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A syndrome of anaemia, immunodeficiency and peripheral ganglionopathy in Fell pony foals

Scholes

Holliman

May³

et al. 1998

Veterinary Record

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“…In this context, it remains to be seen whether the changes we have demonstrated in the average percentage of lymphocyte subpopulations in foals' blood are dependent on age or are due to some unknown factors, which can affect these cell populations in adult horses too. There is increasing evidence of different primary immunodeficiencies in foals (4,19,20). Normal circulating B and T lymphocyte levels in foals of a given age would be helpful in the diagnosis of these deficiencies and other diseases involving the immunological system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulating B and T Lymphocytes in Foals During First Five Months of Life

Frymus¹,

Schollenberger²

2010

Zentralblatt Für Veterinärmedizin Reihe B

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Summary The percentages of B and T lymphocytes in peripheral blood of normal foals were studied. B lymphocytes were identified by labelling of their surface immunoglobulins with fluorescein‐conjugated anti‐equine‐IgG antibody. T lymphocytes were enumerated by the use of the E‐rosette test with guinea pig erythrocytes. A few days old colostrum‐fed foals had only about 5 % B lymphocytes in blood. Beginning from 20 days of age the average percentage of B lymphocytes increased until 40 days of age when the values stabilised (approximately 12 % to 15 %) and seemed to remain constant until the end of the observation period (160 days). The average values of circulating T lymphocytes ranged from 5.2 % to 16.1 % and they seemed to be less dependent on age of the foals. Zusammenfassung Zirkulierende B‐ und T‐Lymphozyten bei Fohlen während der ersten fünf Lebensmonate Der Prozentsatz an B‐ und T‐Lymphozyten im peripheren Blut von gesunden Fohlen wurde untersucht. B‐Lymphozyten wurden durch Markierung ihrer Oberflächen‐Immunglobuline mit fluorescein‐konjugierten gegen Pferde‐IgG gerichteten Antikörpern identifiziert. Die Zählung der T‐Lymphozyten erfolgte im E‐Rosettentest unter Verwendung von Meerschweinchenerythrozyten. Ein wenige Tage altes mit Kolostrum gefüttertes Fohlen hatte nur etwa 5 % B‐Lymphozyten im Blut. Ab dem 20. Lebenstag stieg der durchschnittliche Prozentsatz an B‐Lymphozyten bis zum 40. Lebenstag und stabilisierte sich dann bei 12–15 %. Die Beobachtungen wurden nach 160 Lebenstagen abgebrochen. Die beobachteten Werte für zirkulierende T‐Lymphozyten betrugen im Durchschnitt 5,2 %—16,1 % und zeigten keine Abhängigkeit vom Alter der Fohlen. Résumé B‐ et T‐lymphocytes chez des poulains pendant les cinq premiers mois de vie On a examiné le pourcentage des lymphocytes B et T dans le sang périphérique de poulains sains. Les lymphocytes B ont été identifiés en marquant leurs immunoglobulines de surface avec un conjugué à la fluorescéine anti IgG de cheval. La numération des lymphocytes T s'est faite avec le test des rosettes en utilisant des globules rouges de cobaye. Un poulain de quelques jours nourri de colostrum n'avait que 5 % de lymphocytes B dans le sang. Le pourcentage moyen des lymphocytes B est monté à partir de l'âge de 20 jours jusqu'à 40 jours pour se stabiliser ensuite vers 12–15 %. Les observations furent interrompue après 160 jours. Les valeurs observées des lymphocytes T circulant furent en moyenne de 5,2–16,1 % et ne présentèrent pas de dépendance vis‐à‐vis de l'âge des poulains. Resumen Linfocitos B y T circulantes en potros durante los 5 meses primeros de vida Se perquirió el porcentaje de linfocitos B y T en la sangre periférica de potros sanos. Los linfocitos B se identificaron mediante el marcado de sus inmunoglobulinas superficiales con anticuerpos conjugados con fluoresceína dirigidos contra las IgG de caballo. El cómputo de los linfocitos T se verificaba en la prueba de rosetas E utilizando eritrocitos de cobaya. Un potro de pocos días de edad, alimentado con calostro, tenía solo un 5 % a...

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“…Agammaglobulinemia is a rare immunodeficiency that has been early reported in Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds [36,37]. It has only been reported in males, suggesting an X-linked mode of inheritance similarly to X -linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) in humans.…”

Section: X-linked Agammaglobulinemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Disorders Affecting Equine Blood Cells and Coagulation Factors: A-State-of-The-Art Review

Satué

Muñoz

2019

J. Hematol. Res.

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Genetic diseases that affect blood cells and clotting factors in the horse are uncommon. Unfortunately, the prognosis is reserved, because the treatment in many cases is only symptomatic and when it fails, euthanasia of the patient is the only viable option. The detection of carriers is of pivotal importance in order to prevent the spread of these disorders in the equine population. This manuscript reviews the current state of knowledge of genetic diseases that affect red blood cells, leukocytes, platelets and clotting factors in the horse. The genetic diseases that affect equine red blood cells are defects in the activity of enzymes and cofactors involved in erythrocytes metabolism, such as glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase, flavin adenine dinucleotide, glutathione reductase and glutathione. Therefore, their deficiency triggers methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia. Genetic disorders affecting granulocytes are rare in horses, but a Pelget-Hüet anomaly has been reported. Primary immunodeficiencies described in horses and arising from defects in the immune system are severe combined immunodeficiency, X-linked agammaglobulinemia and Fell pony immunodeficiency syndrome. Because of the immunodeficiency, foals usually develop fatal infections during the first weeks or months of life, caused for opportunistic organisms. Prognosis of these animals is poor. The most common genetic defect of platelet is Glanzmann thrombasthenia, which results in prolonged bleeding time and hematoma formation. Spontaneous bleeding or impaired hemostasis after trauma or surgery are clinical findings in types 1 and 2 von Willebrand disease. Hemophilia A, resulting from a decreased activity of coagulation factor VIII has also been described in male horses of different breeds, being the most common genetic disorder affecting coagulation factor in the horse. Prekallikrein deficit, although described in some horses, is a rare genetic coagulation factor deficiency.

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Absence of B lymphocytes in a horse with primary agammaglobulinemia

Cited by 35 publications

References 17 publications

A syndrome of anaemia, immunodeficiency and peripheral ganglionopathy in Fell pony foals

A syndrome of anaemia, immunodeficiency and peripheral ganglionopathy in Fell pony foals

Circulating B and T Lymphocytes in Foals During First Five Months of Life

Genetic Disorders Affecting Equine Blood Cells and Coagulation Factors: A-State-of-The-Art Review

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