Abscisic acid protects bean leaves from ozone-induced phytotoxicity

Fletcher, R. A.; Adedipe, N. O.; Ormrod, D. P.

doi:10.1139/b72-305

Cited by 30 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…An evalution of Chi extraction with acetone was made for comparison to extraction with ethanol, as most previously reported Chl extraction procedures for evaluating ozone injury utilized acetone as the solvent (1,(5)(6)(7)(8). The same extraction procedure was followed, using 80% acetone with healthy leaves.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several attempts have been made to measure Chl loss by extraction and spectrophotometry for evaluation of ozone injury (1,(4)(5)(6)(7)(8). A problem with these procedures is that they do not utilize a suitable unit of measurement for expressing Chi concentration.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Measurement of leaf dry wt could provide a suitable basis for expression of Chl concentration; however, in previously reported methods, dry wt determinations were not made because most extraction procedures involved grinding the leaf tissue. Expression of Chl concentration based on a measurement of fresh wt (1,6) (4,5) are imprecise due to variations in plant and leaf size. Measurement of leaf area as a basis for expressing Chl concentration (8) is difficult because of the distortion of leaves that occurs with severe injury.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement of Ozone Injury by Determination of Leaf Chlorophyll Concentration

Knudson

Tibbitts²,

Edwards³

1977

Plant Physiol.

375

126

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A simple, rapid procedure is described for evaluating ozone injury to leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pinto. Leaf chlorophyl is extracted with ethanol and analyzed spectrophotometncally; the concentration is expressed on the basis of leaf dry weight.The per cent chlorophyll reduction of ozone-injured leaves was highly correlated with the per cent visible necrosis and chlorosis (r = 0.96). The variability in injury estimates with chlorophyll analysis was slightly less than with visual evaluation. An evaluation of chlorophyll a and b concentrations separately showed that the chlorophyUl a/b ratio decreased with increasing amounts of injury. Chlorophyll determinations made for leaves harvested at intervals after an ozone treatment indicated that maximum chlorophyll reduction had occurred by 4 days. This procedure for measuring ozone injury should be useful in eliminating the human bias associated with visible estimates of injury.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Measurement of Ozone Injury by Determination of Leaf Chlorophyll Concentration

Knudson

Tibbitts²,

Edwards³

1977

Plant Physiol.

375

126

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“…Phytohormones such as auxins, cytokinins and abscisic acid (ABA) acted like antioxidants in reducing O 3 injury in plants (Kurchii 2000;Pauls and Thopson 1982;Verbeke et al 2000). Abscisic acid (ABA), a chemical that induces stomatal closure reduced the O 3 injury in bean (Fletcher et al 1972). Protective effects from the application of N-6-benzyladenine (BA), gibberellic acid (GA) and indole acetic acid (IAA) against O 3 were observed to occur in radish, and BA was the most effective protectant of the three .…”

Section: The Chemistry Of O 3 Formation and Its Uptake And Fate In Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Ethylene Diurea-Induced Protection in Plants Against Ozone Phytotoxicity

Singh

Agrawal

et al. 2014

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 233

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Urbanization, industrialization and unsustainable utilization of natural resources have made tropospheric ozone (03) one of the world's most significant air pollutants. Past studies reveal that 0 3 is a phytotoxic air pollutant that causes or enhances food insecurity across the globe. Plant sensitivity, tolerance and resistance to 0 3 involve a wide array of responses that range from growth to the physiological, biochemical and molecular. Although plants have an array of defense systems to combat oxidative stress from 0 3 exposure, they still suffer sizable yield reductions. In recent years, the ground-level 0 3 concentrations to which crop plants have been exposed have caused yield loses that are economically damaging. Several types of chemicals have been applied or used to mitigate the effects produced by 0 3 on plants. These include agrochemicals (fungicides, insecticides, plant growth regulators), natural antioxidants, and others. Such treatments have been effective to one degree to another, in ameliorating Or generated stress in plants. Ethylene diurea (EDU) has been the most effective protectant used and has also served as a monitoring agent for assessing plant yield losses from 0 3 exposure. In this review, we summarize the data on how EDU has been used, the treatment methods tested, and application doses found to be both protective and toxic in plants. We have also summarized data that address the nature and modes of action (biophysical and biochemical) of EDU. In general, the literature discloses that EDU is effective in reducing ozone damage to plants, and indicates that EDU should be more widely used on 0 3 sensitive plants as a tool for biomonitoring of 0 3 concentrations. Biomonitoring studies that utilize EDU are very useful for rural and remote areas and in developing countries where 0 3 monitoring is constrained from unavailability of electricity. The mechanism(s) by which EDU prevents 0 3 toxicity in plants is still not completely known. EDU possesses great utility for screening plant sensitivity under field conditions in areas that experience high 0 3 concentrations, because EDU prevents 0 3 toxicity only in 0 3 sensitive plants. Ozone-resistant plants do not respond positively to EDU applications. However, EDU application dose and frequency must be standardized before it can be effectively and widely used for screening 0 3 sensitivity in plants. EDU acts primarily by enhancing biochemical plant defense and delaying Or induced senescence, thereby reducing chlorophyll loss, and maintaining physiological efficiency and primary metabolites; these actions enhance growth, biomass and yield of plants. We believe that future studies are needed to better address the EDU dose response relationship for many plant species, and to screen for new cultivars that can resist 0 3 stress. Although some research on the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of action of EDU have been performed, the new 'omics' tools have not been utilized to evaluate EDUs mechanism of action. Such data are needed, as is gene exp...

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“…Olszyk and Tibbitts (18) suggested that ABA might be involved in controlling stomatal responses. This suggestion is supported by the fact that when ABA content of leaves was increased by foliar applications or by water stress, stomata closed, resulting in decreased 03 uptake and hence less injury to plants (4,9). Also, ABA concentrations were higher in SO2-resistant plants which had greater stomatal closure during exposure than S02-sensitive plants (12,13 at different times of the day have been reported, although patterns over the day have not been consistent (3,8,14,17,20,23).…”

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confidence: 95%

Injury, Stomatal Conductance, and Abscisic Acid Levels of Pea Plants following Ozone plus Sulfur Dioxide Exposures at Different Times of the Day

Kobriger¹,

Tibbitts²,

Brenner³

1984

Plant Physiol.

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ABSTRACIPea (Pisum sativum L. cv Alsweet) plants were exposed to mixtures ofozone plus sulfur dioxide at different times of the day. InJury, evaluated either as necrosis or chlorophyll, was greatest at midday when stomatal conductance was greatest. Abscisic acid levels were similar over the day, and showed no relation to stomatal conductance.Investigations of pollutant exposure at different times of the day have been undertaken with 03 and SO2 singly (5). As early as 1949, Katz (10) showed that barley and alfalfa grown in fields were less sensitive to SO2 early and late than during the middle of the day. Such variations in diurnal injury responses to single pollutants have been confirmed in controlled environments with other crops (7, 22), including peas (18). No diurnal studies with mixtures of pollutants were found.The reduced injury early and late in the day has been related closely to stomatal response during the period of exposure (18). Plants exposed early and late in the day exhibited greater stomatal closure than plants exposed at midday (18).Mechanisms regulating the changes in stomatal conductance of plants exposed to pollutants at different times of the day are not understood. Olszyk and Tibbitts (18) suggested that ABA might be involved in controlling stomatal responses. This suggestion is supported by the fact that when ABA content of leaves was increased by foliar applications or by water stress, stomata closed, resulting in decreased 03 uptake and hence less injury to plants (4, 9). Also, ABA concentrations were higher in SO2-resistant plants which had greater stomatal closure during exposure than S02-sensitive plants (12,13 at different times of the day have been reported, although patterns over the day have not been consistent (3,8,14,17, 20,23). No reported studies of fluctuations in ABA concentrations of plants exposed to pollutants at different times of the day were found.Plants were exposed for 2 h to a mixture of 03 plus SO2, two pollutants commonly occurring together in the ambient environment. Exposures were undertaken for 2 h to simulate the length of ground level S02 exposures around coal-fired electrical generating stations (21). To

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Abscisic acid protects bean leaves from ozone-induced phytotoxicity

Cited by 30 publications

References 6 publications

Measurement of Ozone Injury by Determination of Leaf Chlorophyll Concentration

Measurement of Ozone Injury by Determination of Leaf Chlorophyll Concentration

Assessment of Ethylene Diurea-Induced Protection in Plants Against Ozone Phytotoxicity

Injury, Stomatal Conductance, and Abscisic Acid Levels of Pea Plants following Ozone plus Sulfur Dioxide Exposures at Different Times of the Day

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