Abrupt Increase of Radiocarbon Concentration in 660 BC in Tree Rings from Grabie Near Kraków (SE Poland)

Abstract

Miyake et al. (2012, 2013, 2014) described a sudden increase of radiocarbon (14C) concentration in annual tree rings of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) and Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) between AD 774 and 775 and between AD 993 and 994. In both analyzed periods, the sudden increase was observed almost in a single year. The increase in the 14C content was about 12‰ in the period AD 774–775 (Miyake et al. 2012) and about 11.3‰ in the period AD 993–994 (Miyake et al. 2013, 2014; Fogtmann-Schultz et al. 2017; Rakowski et al. 2018). A similar increase was observed in 660 BC, with a peak height of about 10‰ (Park et al. 2017). Single-year samples of dendrochronologically dated tree rings of deciduous oak (Quercus robur) from Grabie, a village near Krakow (SE Poland), spanning the years 670–652 BC, were collected and their 14C content was measured using an AMS technique. The results clearly show a rapid increase in the 14C concentration in tree rings around 660 BC similar to this observed in Park et al. (2017).

ABSOLUTE DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL SCALE FOR PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) FROM UJŚCIE (NW POLAND), DATED USING RAPID ATMOSPHERIC 14C CHANGES

“…Studies on the radiocarbon content in the annual growth of different tree species growing in both northern and southern hemispheres have demonstrated that the socalled "Miyake effects" dated to 661/660 BC, 774/775 AD and 993/994 AD are of a global extent (Usoskin et al 2013;Jull et al 2014;Güttler et al 2015;Büntgen et al 2016Büntgen et al , 2018Fogtmann-Schulz et al 2017). Similar results have also been determined in annual increments of oaks growing around Krakow (S Poland) (Rakowski et al 2015(Rakowski et al , 2018(Rakowski et al , 2019. The Miyake 775 AD peak was successfully used for dating of the period of building the Holy Cross chapel in Val Müstair in Switzerland (Wacker 2014) as well as the Baitoushan Volcano eruption in China (Hakozaki et al 2018).…”

High‐Resolution 10Be and 36Cl Data From the Antarctic Dome Fuji Ice Core (∼100 Years Around 5480 BCE): An Unusual Grand Solar Minimum Occurrence?

“…Rapid and large increases in 14 C concentration over one to a few years have been discovered in the annual 14 C measurements of various events: 774/775 CE (Miyake et al., 2012), 993/994 (992/993) CE (Miyake et al., 2013), ∼660 BCE (Park et al., 2017), 1052 CE (Brehm et al., 2021), 1279 CE (Brehm et al., 2021), and 5410 BCE (Miyake et al., 2021). Three of these events (774/775 CE, 993/994 (992/993) CE, and ∼660 BCE) have been confirmed in worldwide 14 C tree ring measurements (Büntgen et al., 2018; Fogtmann‐Schulz et al., 2017; Güttler et al., 2015; Jull et al., 2014; Miyake et al., 2014; Rakowski et al., 2015, 2018, 2019; Usoskin et al., 2013; Uusitalo et al., 2018; Sakurai et al., 2020; Scifo et al., 2019), and are corroborated by 10 Be and 36 Cl measurements in ice cores (Mekhaldi et al., 2015; Miyake et al., 2015, 2019; O'Hare et al., 2019; Sigl et al., 2015). The relative 36 Cl/ 10 Be ratio supports an extreme SPE origin of the three events discovered in 774/775 CE, 993/994 CE, and ∼660 BCE (Mekhaldi et al., 2015; O'Hare et al., 2019).…”

“…Volcanic eruptions are a suggested source of rapid increase in 10 Be data, as sulfate aerosols generated by a stratospheric eruption can wash out the atmospheric 10 Be (Baroni et al., 2011, 2019). Therefore, we first examined the SO 4 2− data.…”

The Miyake Event in 993 Ce Recorded in Oak Sub-Annual Tree Rings From Kujawy (Poland)

“…A comparable increase of 11.3‰ was recorded between 993 and 994 CE in samples from the Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) (Miyake et al 2013(Miyake et al , 2014, which have been confirmed by other authors (Jull et al 2014;Güttler et al 2013;Rakowski et al 2015Rakowski et al , 2018Fogtman-Schultz et al 2017;Büntgen et al 2018). Another Miyake event was recorded for around 660 BC, which was later confirmed by Park et al (2017) and Rakowski et al (2019). In addition, a rapid increase in the radiocarbon concentration, between 814-815 BC (Jull et al 2018), has been reported; however, the magnitudes of the corresponding events were significantly lower in comparison to the M12.…”