Abrupt deep-sea warming, palaeoceanographic changes and benthic extinctions at the end of the Palaeocene

Kennett, James P.; Stott, L. D.

doi:10.1038/353225a0

Cited by 1,197 publications

(1,011 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The temperature-density relationship of seawater (1.9 Â 10 À2 %volume/°C) requires a 3 -5 m rise in sea level from the $5°C ocean warming recorded during the PETM [Kennett and Stott, 1991;Zachos et al, 1993;Thomas and Shackleton, 1996;Thomas et al, 2002;Zachos et al, 2003;Tripati and Elderfield, 2005;Zachos et al, 2006]. Our most expanded records from New Jersey indeed show a reasonable correlation between sea level rise and local PETM surface warming (likely synchronous with deep ocean warming on timescales of 1 or a few thousand years) (Figures 3 and 4).…”

Section: Steric Effectmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Superimposed on this long-term warming trend were at least two hyperthermals (brief (<200 ka) intervals characterized by anomalously high temperatures [Bowen et al, 2006;Sluijs et al, 2007a] (Figure 1)). The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; $55.5 Ma), the most prominent and best studied, was characterized by a global rise of 5 -8°C [e.g., Kennett and Stott, 1991;Zachos et al, 2003;. A less pronounced hyperthermal occurred at $53.6 Ma referred to as H -1, Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM2) or ''Elmo'' [Lourens et al, 2005]; other ones possibly occurred at $53.2 Ma (I -1) and at $52.4 Ma (K or X) [Cramer et al, 2003;Röhl et al, 2005;Nicolo et al, 2007].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eustatic variations during the Paleocene‐Eocene greenhouse world

et al. 2008

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[1] We reconstruct eustatic variations during the latest Paleocene and earliest Eocene ($58-52 Ma). Dinoflagellate cysts, grain size fractions, and organic biomarkers in marine sections at four sites from three continents indicate an increased distance to the coast during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM). The same trend is recognized in published records from other sites around the world. Together, the data indicate a eustatic rise during the PETM, beginning 20 to 200 ka before the globally recorded negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE) at $55.5 Ma. Although correlations are tentative, we recognize other global transgressions during Chrons C25n and C24n. The latter may be associated with Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 ($53.5 Ma) or the ''X''-event ($52 Ma). These results suggest a link between global sea level and ''hyperthermal'' intervals, potentially because of the melting of small alpine ice sheets on Antarctica, thermal expansion of seawater, or both. However, the early onset of sea level rise relative to the CIE of the PETM suggests contributions from other mechanisms, perhaps decreasing ocean basin volume, on sea level rise.

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Section: Steric Effectmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eustatic variations during the Paleocene‐Eocene greenhouse world

et al. 2008

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“…1), based on the Mg/Ca ratio and  18 O composition of planktonic foraminifera (Kennett and Stott, 1991;Thomas et al, 2002;Tripati and Elderfield, 2005;Zachos et al, 2003). Unfortunately, these records are often affected by redeposition of secondary calcite during early diagenesis (Pearson et al, 2001;Schrag, 1999) and carbonate dissolution due to the vertical progradation of the lysocline (Stap et al, 2009;Zachos et al, 2005;Zeebe and Zachos, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is further associated with a massive release of 13 C-depleted carbon to the oceans and atmosphere as reflected by a negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE) of >2.5 ‰ (e.g. Kennett and Stott, 1991;Schouten et al, 2007b;Sluijs et al, 2007a;McInerney and Wing, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Warming and environmental changes in the eastern North Sea Basin during the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum as revealed by biomarker lipids

Schoon

Heilmann‐Clausen

Schultz³

et al. 2015

Organic Geochemistry

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“…Most prominent among them is the Palaeocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM or ETM-1), an episode of *200 kyr of extreme global warming (e.g. Kennett and Stott 1991;Bains et al 2000;Röhl et al 2000), followed by other short-term events during the Early Eocene, such as the Elmo or ETM-2 (Lourens et al 2005;Sluijs et al 2009) and the ''X'' event .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term fluctuations in vegetation and phytoplankton during the Middle Eocene greenhouse climate: a 640-kyr record from the Messel oil shale (Germany)

Lenz

Wilde

Riegel

2010

Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch)

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The Palaeogene was the most recent greenhouse period on Earth. Especially for the Late Palaeocene and Early Eocene, several superimposed short-term hyperthermal events have been described, including extremes such as the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Major faunal and floral turnovers in the marine and terrestrial realms were recorded in association with these events. High-resolution palynological analysis of the early Middle Eocene maar lake sediments at Messel, near Darmstadt, Germany, provides an insight into the dynamics of a climax vegetation during the Middle Eocene greenhouse climate in a time span without significant climatic excursions. Numerical techniques like detrended correspondence analysis and wavelet analysis have been applied to recognize cyclic fluctuations and long-term trends in the vegetation through a time interval of approximately 640 kyr. Based on the numerical zoning of the pollen diagram, three phases in the development of the vegetation may be distinguished. Throughout these phases, the climax vegetation did not change substantially in qualitative composition, but a trend towards noticeably less humid conditions probably in combination with a drop of the water level in the lake may be recognized. A shift in algal population from the freshwater dinoflagellate cyst Messelodinium thielepfeifferae to a dominance of Botryococcus in the uppermost part of the core is interpreted as a response to changes in acidity and nutrient availability within the lake. Time series analyses of pollen assemblages show that variations in the Milankovitch range of eccentricity, obliquity and precession can be distinguished. In addition, fluctuations in the sub-Milankovitch range are indicated. This demonstrates that floral changes during steady depositional conditions in the Middle Eocene of Messel were controlled by orbital forcing.

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Abrupt deep-sea warming, palaeoceanographic changes and benthic extinctions at the end of the Palaeocene

Cited by 1,197 publications

References 27 publications

Eustatic variations during the Paleocene‐Eocene greenhouse world

Eustatic variations during the Paleocene‐Eocene greenhouse world

Warming and environmental changes in the eastern North Sea Basin during the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum as revealed by biomarker lipids

Short-term fluctuations in vegetation and phytoplankton during the Middle Eocene greenhouse climate: a 640-kyr record from the Messel oil shale (Germany)

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