“…Previous studies have established that minority communities are likely to be policed more aggressively (Kane, 2003;Liska & Chamlin, 1984) and that members of these communities are more likely to be arrested (Holmes, 2000;Liska & Chamlin, 1984;Walker, Spohn, & DeLone, 2003), incarcerated (Albrecht, 1997;Bridges & Crutchfield, 1988;Broadhurst, 1997;Chiricos & Crawford, 1995;Junger-Tas, 1997;Langan, 1985;Mauer, 1999;Miller, 1996;Roberts & Doob, 1997;Stern, 1998;Tonry, 1997;Tournier, 1997;Wacquant, 1999), and subjected to more severe punishment (Carroll & Mondrick, 1976;Pruitt & Wilson, 1983;Steffensmeier & Demuth, 2000;Walker, Spohn, & DeLone, 2003), including the death penalty (Urbina, 2003b). 2…”