ABO Blood Groups and Hypertension

Maxwell, Roy D.; Maxwell, Katharine N.

doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4932.179

Cited by 71 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…It might be mentioned, however, that it is not quite unique. Maxwell and Maxwell (1955) report a deficiency of group AB amongst hypertensive men. They are cautious in their conclusions, and consider that it is probably a chance effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Blood Groups in Diabetes Mellitus

McConnell¹,

Pyke²,

Roberts³

1956

BMJ

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JOURfoetal infection, will not by itself prevent completely the occurrence of congenital syphilis. Other factors which will lead to the achievement of this goal will be discussed in a further communication. It will be noted that the Liverpool controls are slightly lower in blood group A than those of the rest of S.W. Lancashire, though the difference is not significant. The numbers in the control series are fairly equal, whereas many more patients are drawn from the Liverpool postal district. Hence, addition of the two control series, which seems desirable in the interests of simplicity and numbers, has the effect of slightly reducing the difference between diabetics and controls which is described in this paper. ResultsThe basic data, with subdivisions by area, sex, and age at onset of diabetes mellitus, are shown in Table II. If men and women of all ages are compared with the controls of Table I, the findings may be summarized as shown in Table III. The control figures are weighted according to the numbers of diabetic men and women drawn from each area. The one striking difference is that compared with the controls the men show a higher proportion of patients of group A and a lower proportion of patients of group 0. On the other hand, there is no such difference in the women.The relative differences in groups 0 and A, for which considerable numbers are available, were examined first. The method recommended by Aird et al. (1954) for examining the differences in blood-group proportions and the homogeneity of the areas was used, and the comparison is shown in Table IV. The relative increase in blood group A in men is shown to be fairly highly significant. A direct comparison of the men and women patients also yields a significant difference. The women are closely similar to the controls. The three areas are perfectly homogeneous.The men patients are lower in blood group B than are the controls, but the numbers are small and the difference is not significant. The women patients show a rather high proportion of group AB. This has been examined in two ways. First, a direct comparison has been made with the controls in regard to the percentage of group AB. With the method of Aird et al. (1954), x2 for the difference is 3.25 and so does not attain the 5% level of significance. x2 for the heterogeneity of the three areas is 2.88, which is not significant, but does to some extent reflect the fact that the excess of those of group AB is confined to two of the areas. Secondly, if the figures are added together, irrespective of area, Fisher's test for unreasonableness of group proportions (Dobson and Ikin, 1946) gives an expected number of those of group AB of 25.804 against the 38 observed, x2 for one degree of freedom being 3.99, which just exceeds the 5% level of significance. It may be concluded that, while the women are rather high

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Blood Groups in Diabetes Mellitus

McConnell¹,

Pyke²,

Roberts³

1956

BMJ

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“…It is revealed in auroral luminosity (e.g., Meinel and Schulte 1953;Davis 1960), auroral ionization (e.g., Bullough and Kaiser 1955;Lyon and Kavadas 1958), and in field-aligned irregularities of ionization higher in the ionosphere, which produce scintillations of radio stars (e.g., Hewish 1952;Maxwell 1955). The data are not always unambiguous, and in some cases they are undoubtedly affected in part by the high-latitude remnants of the lower-latitude tidal systems.…”

Section: (D) High-latitude Disturbancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Though the oscillation amplitude is large at meteor heights, the energy flux is small by tropospheric standards, being only of the order watts m-*. Observations of Gossard (1962) show that a flux of lo-' watts m-2 out of the troposphere is not uncommon.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

The upper atmosphere in motion

Hines¹

1963

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

256

118

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SUMMARYThe atmosphere above 8 0 h exhibits a wide range of dynamical phenomena. These are largely hydrodynamic in nature, and their sources of energy are likely to lie principally at lower levels. The regions are ionized, however, and hydromagnetically controlled motions also exist. They are generated from above as well as below.The observational evidence is reviewed broadly here, in groupings determined by the physical processes that are thought to be operative, and the corresponding theories are measured against it. Many shortcomings are disclosed and assessed, and profitable avenues for future research are tentatively explored. Several areas are indicated in which the dynamical processes modify other features of the upper atmosphere, but these are not analysed in detail.

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“…With regard to the close association between toxaemia of pregnancy and essential hypertension, it is interesting to note that Maxwell and Maxwell (1955) found no significant alteration in the distribution of the blood groups in the latter condition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

ABO Blood Groups and Toxaemia of Pregnancy

Pearson¹,

Pinker²

1956

BMJ

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Coombs test was carried out on infants' cells sensitized in mothers' serum. No other incompatibility was detected.So far as we are able to analyse the figures, the first period, as shown above, consistently yields a fairly highly significant excess of 0 in toxaemia, the second period equally consistently yielded no such excess. It may be that there is a phenomenon to explain, but on the present evidence it seems likely that the original finding was due to chance. This experience serves to emphasize the need for large numbers in work in this field, the desirability of demanding a high level of significance before results are taken as more than an indication for further inquiry, and also the desirability of comparing results from different hospitals and different areas. Summary A further series does not confirm the finding (Pike and Dickins, 1954) that there is an excess of women of group 0 among those suffering from toxaemia of pregnancy. In a study of 541 patients with toxaemia of pregnancy, Pike and Dickins (1954) found a significant excess of women of blood group 0 as compared with nontoxaemic pregnant women. It was suggested that some of the features of toxaemia might be the result of an antigen-antibody reaction. We thought it would be of interest to repeat their investigation on a similar series of patients admitted to another hospital. MaterialThe investigation was carried out on 11,086 consecutive admissions to the maternity department of Hammersmith Hospital between 1949 and 1954.The majority of patients, both primigravidae and multiparae, are booked for delivery at this hospital in order of their application for admission at the antenatal clinic. Patients attending for the first time in late pregnancy are admitted on obstetrical, medical, or social grounds only.For the purposes of this investigation and in order to conform with the criteria selected by Pike and Dickins, patients were regarded as having toxaemia of pregnancy if they showed two of the following signs: (1) a blood pressure of 140/90 or over after the 28th week of pregnancy; (2) clinical oedema or an average weight gain of more than 2 lb. (0.9 kg.) a week from the 28th week; (3) albuminuria in a catheter specimen, not due to infection. The level of weight gain which we regarded as significant in the absence of clinical oedema was greater than that selected by Pike and Dickins, but otherwise our criteria were identical wvith theirs. Results

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ABO Blood Groups and Hypertension

Cited by 71 publications

References 8 publications

Blood Groups in Diabetes Mellitus

Blood Groups in Diabetes Mellitus

The upper atmosphere in motion

ABO Blood Groups and Toxaemia of Pregnancy

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