Abnormal visual experiences in individuals with histories of hallucinogen use: A web-based questionnaire

Baggott, Matthew J.; Coyle, Jeremy; Erowid, Earth; Erowid, Fire; Robertson, Lynn C.

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.09.006

Cited by 74 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The current study did not address hallucinogen persisting perception disorder, which is an uncommon DSM-5 psychiatric disorder characterized by clinically significant distress in response to the re-experiencing of hallucinogen-like perceptual symptoms after a period of normalcy following a psychedelic drug experience (Baggott et al, 2011; Halpern and Pope, 2003). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey study of challenging experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms: Acute and enduring positive and negative consequences

et al. 2016

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Acute and enduring adverse effects of psilocybin have been reported anecdotally, but have not been well characterized. For this study, 1993 individuals (mean age 30 yrs; 78% male) completed an online survey about their single most psychologically difficult or challenging experience (worst “bad trip”) after consuming psilocybin mushrooms. Thirty-nine percent rated it among the top five most challenging experiences of his/her lifetime. Eleven percent put self or others at risk of physical harm; factors increasing the likelihood of risk included estimated dose, duration and difficulty of the experience, and absence of physical comfort and social support. Of the respondents, 2.6% behaved in a physically aggressive or violent manner and 2.7% received medical help. Of those whose experience occurred >1 year before, 7.6% sought treatment for enduring psychological symptoms. Three cases appeared associated with onset of enduring psychotic symptoms and three cases with attempted suicide. Multiple regression analysis showed degree of difficulty was positively associated, and duration was negatively associated, with enduring increases in well-being. Difficulty of experience was positively associated with dose. Despite difficulties, 84% endorsed benefiting from the experience. The incidence of risky behavior or enduring psychological distress is extremely low when psilocybin is given in laboratory studies to screened, prepared, and supported participants.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey study of challenging experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms: Acute and enduring positive and negative consequences

et al. 2016

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“…Survey respondents are in general agreement that the effects of S. divinorum are “intense” and “unique” compared to other drugs or methods for inducing alterations in consciousness (Albertson and Grubbs 2009; Baggott et al 2010; Kelly 2011; Sumnall et al 2011). Elevations in scores on the Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS) (Gonzalez et al, 2006; Albertson and Grubbs 2009) suggest some overlap with the subjective effects of classic serotonergic hallucinogens (Strassman et al 1994; Griffiths et al 2006; Griffiths et al 2011), However, less than a quarter of respondents across studies report that S. divinorum is similar to classic hallucinogens (Albertson and Grubbs 2009; Baggott et al 2010). Results are mixed regarding the similarity of S. divinorum to cannabis (6.5%, Baggott et al 2010; 44%, Albertson and Grubbs 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Elevations in scores on the Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS) (Gonzalez et al, 2006; Albertson and Grubbs 2009) suggest some overlap with the subjective effects of classic serotonergic hallucinogens (Strassman et al 1994; Griffiths et al 2006; Griffiths et al 2011), However, less than a quarter of respondents across studies report that S. divinorum is similar to classic hallucinogens (Albertson and Grubbs 2009; Baggott et al 2010). Results are mixed regarding the similarity of S. divinorum to cannabis (6.5%, Baggott et al 2010; 44%, Albertson and Grubbs 2009). There is little evidence of S. divinorum causing psychological dependence or psychiatric dysfunction beyond acute effects (Sumnall et al 2011), with mixed reports of positive antidepressant-like effects (Hanes 2001; Baggott et al 2010) and negative effects such as “mental cloudiness” lasting 24 hours or more after use (Kelly 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results are mixed regarding the similarity of S. divinorum to cannabis (6.5%, Baggott et al 2010; 44%, Albertson and Grubbs 2009). There is little evidence of S. divinorum causing psychological dependence or psychiatric dysfunction beyond acute effects (Sumnall et al 2011), with mixed reports of positive antidepressant-like effects (Hanes 2001; Baggott et al 2010) and negative effects such as “mental cloudiness” lasting 24 hours or more after use (Kelly 2011). Most respondents indicate that they use S. divinorum for recreation or entertainment (Albertson and Grubbs 2009; Kelly 2011), while some individuals indicate spiritual reasons for use (Baggott et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dose-related effects of salvinorin A in humans: dissociative, hallucinogenic, and memory effects

et al. 2012

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Rationale Salvinorin A is a kappa opioid agonist and the principal psychoactive constituent of the plant Salvia divinorum, which has increased in popularity as a recreational drug over the past decade. Few human studies have examined salvinorin A. Objective This double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the dose-related effects of inhaled salvinorin A in individuals with histories of hallucinogen use. Methods Eight healthy hallucinogen-using adults inhaled up to 16 doses of salvinorin A (0.375 - 21 μg/kg) in ascending order. Physiological, behavioral, and subjective effects were assessed every 2 min for 60 min after administration. Qualitative subjective effects were assessed retrospectively via questionnaires at the end of sessions. Persisting effects were assessed 1 month later. Results Orderly dose-related effects peaked at 2 min and then rapidly dissipated, replicating previous findings. Subjective effects were intense, with maximal drug strength ratings or unresponsiveness frequently observed at high doses. Questionnaires assessing qualitative effects (Hallucinogen Rating Scale, Pharmacological Class Questionnaire) suggested some overlap with serotonergically mediated classic hallucinogens. Salvinorin A also produced dose-related dissociative effects and impairments in recall/recognition memory. At 1-month follow-up, there was no evidence of persisting adverse effects. Participants reported salvinorin A effects were qualitatively different from other drugs. Conclusions Salvinorin A produces a unique profile of subjective and cognitive effects, including strong dissociative effects and memory impairment, which only partially overlap with classic hallucinogen effects. Along with nonhuman studies of salvinorin A, these results are important for understanding the neurobiology of the kappa opioid system and may ultimately have important therapeutic applications.

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“…Persistent effects such as perception disorders have also been observed in healthy individuals after experimentally administered doses of psilocybin (Studerus et al, 2011), and these could all be managed by interpersonal discussion and support. Furthermore, drug-free visual experiences were observed in 62% of the respondents in a webbased study that analyzed a population of 2455 participants for abnormal experiences associated with a history of hallucinogen use, especially LSD (Baggott et al, 2011). The persistent perceptual alterations in subjects with past hallucinogen use is clear evidence of neuroplasticity.…”

Section: Behavioral Effects and Addiction Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Action and Persistent Neuroplasticity by Drugs of Abuse

Korpi¹,

Hollander²,

Farooq

et al. 2015

Pharmacol Rev

124

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Abnormal visual experiences in individuals with histories of hallucinogen use: A web-based questionnaire

Cited by 74 publications

References 35 publications

Survey study of challenging experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms: Acute and enduring positive and negative consequences

Survey study of challenging experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms: Acute and enduring positive and negative consequences

Dose-related effects of salvinorin A in humans: dissociative, hallucinogenic, and memory effects

Mechanisms of Action and Persistent Neuroplasticity by Drugs of Abuse

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