Abnormal motor cortex organization contralateral to early upper limb amputation in humans

Dettmers, Christian; Liepert, Joachim; Adler, T.; Rzanny, R.; Rijntjes, Michel; Schayck, Rudolf van; Kaiser, Werner A.; Brückner, Lutz; Weiller, Cornelius

doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00105-6

Cited by 59 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…While it is commonly assumed that structural myelination processes underlie progressive functional specialization, a bidirectional causality between structural brain development and functional specialization is plausible, considering recent evidence of highly plastic bidirectional functionstructure interrelations [Dettmers et al, 1999;Pantev et al, 2003Pantev et al, , 2004, especially during development [Als et al, 2004;Draganski et al, 2004].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progressive increase of frontostriatal brain activation from childhood to adulthood during event‐related tasks of cognitive control

Rubia

Smith

Woolley

et al. 2006

Human Brain Mapping

562

484

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Higher cognitive inhibitory and attention functions have been shown to develop throughout adolescence, presumably concurrent with anatomical brain maturational changes. The relatively scarce developmental functional imaging literature on cognitive control, however, has been inconsistent with respect to the neurofunctional substrates of this cognitive development, finding either increased or decreased executive prefrontal function in the progression from childhood to adulthood. Such inconsistencies may be due to small subject numbers or confounds from age-related performance differences in block design functional MRI (fMRI). In this study, rapid, randomized, mixed-trial event-related fMRI was used to investigate developmental differences of the neural networks mediating a range of motor and cognitive inhibition functions in a sizeable number of adolescents and adults. Functional brain activation was compared between adolescents and adults during three different executive tasks measuring selective motor response inhibition (Go/no-go task), cognitive interference inhibition (Simon task), and attentional set shifting (Switch task). Adults compared with children showed increased brain activation in task-specific frontostriatal networks, including right orbital and mesial prefrontal cortex and caudate during the Go/no-go task, right mesial and inferior prefrontal cortex, parietal lobe, and putamen during the Switch task and left dorsolateral and inferior frontotemporoparietal regions and putamen during the Simon task. Whole-brain regression analyses with age across all subjects showed progressive age-related changes in similar and extended clusters of task-specific frontostriatal, frontotemporal, and frontoparietal networks. The findings suggest progressive maturation of task-specific frontostriatal and frontocortical networks for cognitive control functions in the transition from childhood to mid-adulthood.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progressive increase of frontostriatal brain activation from childhood to adulthood during event‐related tasks of cognitive control

Rubia

Smith

Woolley

et al. 2006

Human Brain Mapping

562

484

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several experiments in nonhuman primates revealed that stimulation in the deefferented cortex evoked muscle movements controlled by cortex adjacent to the deefferented cortex [5]. In humans, several studies have shown an expansion of the adjacent cortical representations into the cortical area representing the deefferented body part [6][7][8][9]. In addition, it has been found that there was a high correlation between the magnitude of the shift of the cortical representation from the mouth to the hand area in the motor and somatosensory cortex and the degree of phantom limb pain [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The activation of the cortical hand area by toe tapping in two bilateral upper-extremities amputees with extraordinary foot movement skill

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2006

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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“…In chronic human lower limb amputees, the motor representation of the remaining proximal stump expanded into the adjacent disconnected area that formerly represented the distal limb (7). If deafferentation occurs during motor development, reorganization seems to follow the same pattern with an enlarged representation of the upper arm (deltoid muscle) resulting from unilateral lower arm amputation in childhood (8)(9)(10). However, if the amputation is bilateral and subsequent functional loss compensated for, a different pattern might emerge: Yu et al (11) found foot movement related activation of the classical M1 hand area in 2 subjects with upper limb amputation during childhood and extraordinary compensatory foot dexterity, using fMRI.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Congenitally altered motor experience alters somatotopic organization of human primary motor cortex

Stoeckel

Seitz

Buetefisch

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Human motor development is thought to result from a complex interaction between genes and experience. The well-known somatotopic organization of the primate primary motor cortex (M1) emerges postnatally. Although adaptive changes in response to learning and use occur throughout life, somatotopy is maintained as reorganization is restricted to modifications within major body part representations. We report of a unique opportunity to evaluate the influence of experience on the genetically determined somatotopic organization of motor cortex in humans. We examined the motor "foot" representation in subjects with congenitally compromised hand function and compensatory skillful foot use. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of M1 revealed that the foot was represented in the classical medial foot area of M1 and was several centimetres away in nonadjacent cortex in the vicinity of the lateral ''hand'' area. Both areas had direct output to the spinal motor neurons innervating foot muscles and were behaviorally relevant because experimental disruption of either area by TMS altered reaction times. We demonstrate a unique, nonsomatotopically organized M1 in humans, which emerged as a function of grossly altered motor behavior from the earliest stages of development. Our results imply that during early motor development experience may play a more critical role in the shaping of genetically determined neural networks than previously assumed.fMRI ͉ motor development ͉ motor plasticity ͉ nonsomatotopic ͉ TMS

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Abnormal motor cortex organization contralateral to early upper limb amputation in humans

Cited by 59 publications

References 20 publications

Progressive increase of frontostriatal brain activation from childhood to adulthood during event‐related tasks of cognitive control

Progressive increase of frontostriatal brain activation from childhood to adulthood during event‐related tasks of cognitive control

The activation of the cortical hand area by toe tapping in two bilateral upper-extremities amputees with extraordinary foot movement skill

Congenitally altered motor experience alters somatotopic organization of human primary motor cortex

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