“…Unfortunately, prolonged L-dopa treatment often leads to the development of abnormal involuntary movements, otherwise known as L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (Jankovic, 2005). Though DA agonists are less likely to induce this side effect (Chondrogiorgi et al, 2014; Stathis et al, 2015), they can also elicit dyskinesia in PD patients (Rascol et al, 2000, 2001) and hemiparkinsonian rats (Drake et al, 2013; Dupre et al, 2007; Lindenbach et al, 2013). While the causes of dyskinesia are not fully understood, several mechanisms appear to be involved in its expression, including increased corticostriatal extracellular glutamate levels, glutamate transporter expression, and glutamate receptor phosphorylation (Calon et al, 2003; Dupre et al, 2011; Robelet et al, 2004; Sgambato-Faure and Cenci, 2012).…”