Abiotic stressors and stress responses: What commonalities appear between species across biological organization levels?

Abstract

Organisms are regularly subjected to abiotic stressors related to increasing anthropogenic activities, including chemicals and climatic changes that induce major stresses. Based on various key taxa involved in ecosystem functioning (photosynthetic microorganisms, plants, invertebrates), we review how organisms respond and adapt to chemical- and temperature-induced stresses from molecular to population level. Using field-realistic studies, our integrative analysis aims to compare i) how molecular and physiological mechanisms related to protection, repair and energy allocation can impact life history traits of stressed organisms, and ii) to what extent trait responses influence individual and population responses. Common response mechanisms are evident at molecular and cellular scales but become rather difficult to define at higher levels due to evolutionary distance and environmental complexity. We provide new insights into the understanding of the impact of molecular and cellular responses on individual and population dynamics and assess the potential related effects on communities and ecosystem functioning.

Efectos Sobre Parámetros Bioquímicos Y Biológicos Bacterianos en Suelos Que Contienen Concentraciones Permisibles De Metales

“…En la literatura se ha reportado el establecimiento de situaciones que alteran las poblaciones bacterianas en suelos contaminados por metales y produce estrés oxidativo (Fontanetti et al 2011, Lemire et al 2013, Sulmon et al 2015. Dicho estrés implica un incremento en la síntesis de enzimas antioxidantes (óxido dismutasas, catalasas, peroxidasas, glutatión peroxidasas), proteínas queladoras de metales, metalotioninas, (Bozo et al 2007, Sulmon et al 2015 y sideróforos (Lemire et al 2013).…”

“…Dicho estrés implica un incremento en la síntesis de enzimas antioxidantes (óxido dismutasas, catalasas, peroxidasas, glutatión peroxidasas), proteínas queladoras de metales, metalotioninas, (Bozo et al 2007, Sulmon et al 2015 y sideróforos (Lemire et al 2013). …”

“…Tales estrategias de emergencia requieren de fuentes energéticas para reponer el estado homeostático de la célula (Sulmon et al 2015). En consecuencia, la energía proviene de la oxidación de moléculas carbonadas presentes en el hábitat donde proliferan los organismos, en este caso particular del suelo.…”

“…Es relevante mencionar que se ha reportado en la literatura que bajas concentraciones, consideradas no perjudiciales, de sustancias tóxicas pueden ejercer efectos estimulatorios beneficiosos en organismos de diferentes taxa, desde bacterias a plantas y metazoos (Costantini et al 2010, Sulmon et al 2015, fenómeno denominado hormesis.…”

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“…Selection for drought tolerance, especially under the temperate climate is very complex (Courtois et al 2012), because plants are usually exposed to multiple stressors (drought, salinity, low temperature, mechanical damage, etc.) (Sulmon et al 2015). Among all, leaf rolling, leaf drying, harvest index, biomass yield, relative water content, panicle length, grains per panicle, grain yield, root/shoot ratio and root length offer high scope for improvement for drought tolerance by way of simple selection technique (Manickavelu et al 2006).…”