Abiotic Stresses in Plants and Their Markers: A Practice View of Plant Stress Responses and Programmed Cell Death Mechanisms

Abstract

Understanding how plants cope with stress and the intricate mechanisms thereby used to adapt and survive environmental imbalances comprise one of the most powerful tools for modern agriculture. Interdisciplinary studies suggest that knowledge in how plants perceive, transduce and respond to abiotic stresses are a meaningful way to design engineered crops since the manipulation of basic characteristics leads to physiological remodeling for plant adaption to different environments. Herein, we discussed the main pathways involved in stress-sensing, signal transduction and plant adaption, highlighting biochemical, physiological and genetic events involved in abiotic stress responses. Finally, we have proposed a list of practice markers for studying plant responses to multiple stresses, highlighting how plant molecular biology, phenotyping and genetic engineering interconnect for creating superior crops.

RETRACTED: Cytokinin and abiotic stress tolerance -What has been accomplished and the way forward?

“…Stresses caused by drought, heat, cold, and salt all induce an increase in the quantity of Ca 2+ (signal molecules) that enters the cytoplasm of the cell from either its own reserves or an apoplastic source. One form of sensor for the stress signals is thought to be the passages that govern Ca 2+ entrance ( Aftab et al, 2021 ; Javaid et al, 2022 ; Paes de Melo et al, 2022 ). Other than Ca 2+ , ROS and nitric oxide (NO) are other messenger molecules involved in inducing plant response to cold stress.…”

Chemical Composition and Related Properties of Lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) Bark and Wood as Affected by Tree Growth Conditions

“…Further, the more pronounced degree of differences in the chemical composition of bark than wood suggests that the bark is more sensitive to the environment than the wood. More specifically, changes in the contents of the cellulose, lignin and substances soluble in EtOH of bark of trees growing under three environmental stresses revealed that trees adopt certain physiological mechanisms to cope with the abiotic stresses [ 41 , 42 , 43 ].…”

Conventional and Omics Approaches for Understanding the Abiotic Stress Response in Cereal Crops—An Updated Overview

“…Plants have developed several biochemical, physiological, and metabolic responses to withstand environmental stress factors. Understanding plants’ molecular, cellular, physiological, and biochemical changes during abiotic stresses is crucial for better crop management [ 16 , 19 , 20 ]. Plants have primary and secondary stress response mechanisms to protect themselves from various abiotic stresses.…”

“…Therefore, integrating multi-omics data within the context of systems biology can provide more profound knowledge for future directions (molecular biology, genome editing, etc.) [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. In this review, we discussed the recent advancements in functional genomics, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses to understand the adaptation and tolerance mechanisms enhancing drought, extreme temperature, and salinity in different cereal crops.…”