Ability to Care for an Ill Loved One During the First COVID-19 Lockdown: Mediators of Informal Caregivers’ Stress in Europe

Monteiro, Shadya; Fournier, Margot; Favrod, Jérôme; Drainville, Anne-Laure; Plessis, Léa; Freudiger, Sylvie; Skuza, Krzysztof; Tripalo, Charlene; Franck, Nicolás; Lebas, Marie-Clotilde; Deloyer, Jocelyn; Wilquin, Hélène; Golay, Philippe; Rexhaj, Shyhrete

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.852712

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…This is further exacerbated by the stress associated with the potential risk of infecting and harming the individuals under their care [ 23 ]. Living with individuals who require care is linked to heightened perceived stress, primarily due to fears of illness and the potential disruption of daily activities [ 1 ]. In line with this, the present study has shown that residing with high-risk individuals serves as a predictor of COVID-19-related stress levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Determinants of COVID-19-Related Stress Among Caregivers of Individuals at High Risk During the Pandemic

Ünsal,

Yalım,

Gündoğmuş

2024

Cureus

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Background: Informal caregivers offer a range of support-physical, emotional, and social-to individuals under their care, thereby exposing themselves to potential mental health risks. During the outbreak of COVID-19, caregivers have emerged as a demographic particularly vulnerable to mental health issues owing to their caregiving roles. The aim of the study is to identify the determinants influencing COVID-19-related stress among caregivers of individuals at elevated risk of coronavirus infection. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken, utilizing a sample of 1,556 participants who were enlisted via social media and an online survey questionnaire. Participants provided sociodemographic data and completed both the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the COVID-19 Stress Scale (CSS) to assess their mental health status. Results: The mean age of the participants was 30.76±6.97 years. Of these, 42.35% (n = 659) resided with individuals at high risk for COVID-19, and 72.75% were female. Statistically significant differences were observed in DASS-21 subscale scores as well as in CSS scores for contamination, socioeconomic consequences, traumatic stress, perceived danger, compulsive checking, xenophobia, and total scores between those living and not living with COVID-19 high-risk individuals. Factors such as residing with a COVID-19 high-risk individual, education level, and DASS-21 subscale scores were identified as significant predictors of CSS scores. Conclusion: The study reveals those caregivers for individuals at high risk for COVID-19 experience elevated levels of depression, anxiety, stress, and COVID-19-related stress. Factors such as living with a high-risk individual, educational level, and mental health status were significant predictors of COVID-19-related stress. Further research is needed to evaluate the mental well-being of caregivers and to develop effective interventions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These caregiving-associated stressors may also give rise to familial and occupational difficulties, strain interpersonal relationships, and result in negative financial consequences [ 6 ]. Consequently, this creates a complex issue affecting both the caregivers and the well-being of the individuals under their care [ 1 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Determinants of COVID-19-Related Stress Among Caregivers of Individuals at High Risk During the Pandemic

Ünsal,

Yalım,

Gündoğmuş

2024

Cureus

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“…Their coping strategies are related to their understanding of the situation and their available resources. Coping strategies are related to the environment, individual situations, and the ability to cope with stress in a specific situation, such as the coronavirus disease 2019 lockdown conditions ( 24 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women involvement in the informal caregiving field: A perspective review

et al. 2023

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The patient recovery process of individual with mental health disorder is reinforced if they are connected with their community and supported by relatives. The literature has shown that caregivers are important, although their roles can lead to alterations in their own health; and women are the most involved in this role. The present review investigated women’s involvement in the informal caregiver scientific field. A literature review indicated gender differences; researchers who are women are more interested in this field than men. Even with a good representation of women in this scientific field, the results showed a statistically significant gender difference for the first and second authors, whereas there was no significant gender difference among the last authors. More efforts must be made to recognize the importance of women’s involvement in research because they raise a specific important field. Family caregivers are key players in the healthcare system, but to date, there has been little recognition of their enormous contribution. Our results also indicated the informal caregiver role is filled more by women than by men, which creates social inequalities in many domains, especially in opportunities at the professional level. Tailored interventions are required to address the specific needs and issues of family caregivers. A better redistribution of unpaid work, such as informal caregiving, compared to paid work must be made to respect gender in social existence.

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“…Perceived stress, which refers to an individual's perceptions or ideas about the levels of stress they experience at a given time or during a specified period, can affect various aspects of the individual's life. 28 Previous studies have shown that perceived stress is a predetermined psychological state that occurs before experiencing depressive symptoms. 29,30 Individuals with high levels of perceived stress are often distressed; thus, they are likely to experience depressive symptoms.…”

Section: The Mediating Role Of Perceived Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dyadic Associations Between Burden and Depressive Symptoms Among Patients With Heart Failure and Their Caregivers

Dong

Zhang

et al. 2023

J Cardiovasc Nurs

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Background Depressive symptoms are prevalent in patients with heart failure and their family caregivers. Given the interpersonal interactions between dyadic individuals with intimate relationship, it is essential to consider the dyads as a unit when exploring the factors associated with depressive symptoms in heart failure patient–caregiver dyads. Objective The aims of this study were to explore the dyadic effects of burden on depressive symptoms in heart failure patient–caregiver dyads and investigate whether perceived stress acts as a mediator in these relationships. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 237 heart failure patient–caregiver dyads were recruited from 3 hospitals in China between November 2018 and June 2019. Symptom burden, caregiving burden, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms were assessed using self-report questionnaires. The actor-partner interdependence model and actor-partner interdependence mediation model were used to analyze the data. Results Patients' symptom burden had an actor effect on their own depressive symptoms and a partner effect on their caregivers' depressive symptoms. Similarly, caregivers' caregiving burden had an actor effect on their own depressive symptoms and a partner effect on patients' depressive symptoms. The actor effects between burden and depressive symptoms were partially mediated by their own perceived stress in heart failure patient–caregiver dyads. Furthermore, the partner effect between caregivers' caregiving burden and patients' depressive symptoms was completely mediated by patients' perceived stress. Conclusions Patients' symptom burden and caregivers' caregiving burden aggravated their depressive symptoms by increasing their own perceived stress. Moreover, patients' symptom burden led to caregivers' depressive symptoms, and caregivers' caregiving burden contributed to patients' depressive symptoms through patients' perceived stress. These interdependent relationships suggest that dyadic interventions focused on reducing burden and perceived stress may be beneficial for relieving depressive symptoms in heart failure patient–caregiver dyads.

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Ability to Care for an Ill Loved One During the First COVID-19 Lockdown: Mediators of Informal Caregivers’ Stress in Europe

Cited by 7 publications

References 50 publications

The Determinants of COVID-19-Related Stress Among Caregivers of Individuals at High Risk During the Pandemic

The Determinants of COVID-19-Related Stress Among Caregivers of Individuals at High Risk During the Pandemic

Women involvement in the informal caregiving field: A perspective review

Dyadic Associations Between Burden and Depressive Symptoms Among Patients With Heart Failure and Their Caregivers

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