Ability to adjust nocturnal fat oxidation in response to overfeeding predicts 5‐year weight gain in adults

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OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that three days of overfeeding ( OF ) decreases dietary fat oxidation and predicts longitudinal weight change in adults classified as obesity-prone ( OP ) and obesity-resistant ( OR ) based on self-identification, personal and family weight history. Changes in diurnal profiles of plasma metabolites and hormones were measured to probe mechanisms. METHODS: Adults identified as OP (n=22; BMI: 23.9 ± 2.4 kg/m 2 ) and OR (n=30; BMI: 20.5 ± 2.2 kg/m 2 ) completed 3 days of eucaloric ( EU ) feeding and 3 days of OF. On day three, 24-hr total and dietary fat oxidation were measured using room calorimetry and an oral 14 C tracer. Plasma glucose, insulin, triglycerides ( TG ), and non-esterified fatty acid ( NEFA ) concentrations were frequently sampled over 24-hr. Body composition was measured annually for 4.0 ± 1.4 years in a sub-sample (n=19 OP and 23 OR). RESULTS: Dietary fat oxidation over 24-hr was not altered by OF versus EU (P=0.54). Weight gain in OP correlated with lower nocturnal NEFA concentrations during OF (r=−0.60, P=0.006) and impaired fuel selection over 24-hr (metabolic inflexibility, wake RQ-sleep RQ) (r=−0.48, P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Short-term OF did not alter dietary fat oxidation. Lower nocturnal NEFA availability and metabolic inflexibility to overfeeding may be factors contributing to weight gain.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Associations Among Dietary Fat Oxidation Responses to Overfeeding and Weight Gain in Obesity‐Prone and Resistant Adults

Rynders

Pereira

Kealey

et al. 2018

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“…Our previous investigations have primarily focused on identifying differences between OP and OR in fuel utilization and EE during a period of imposed OF. We found that both those with OP and those with OR exhibit similar responses in 24‐hour EE and macronutrient oxidation; however, those with OP tend to downregulate nocturnal fat oxidation, which may drive weight gain . In a separate set of experiments, those with OP reported higher hunger, restraint, and disinhibition compared with those with OR .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Free‐Living Responses in Energy Balance to Short‐Term Overfeeding in Adults Differing in Propensity for Obesity

Creasy

Rynders

Kealey

et al. 2018

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“…Excess ingested fats that are not oxidized are stored in the body as adipose tissue ( 67 ), ultimately leading to weight gain. In a recent study, reduced fat oxidation during sleep following 140% overfeeding a balanced diet for three days predicted greater free-living weight gain after five years ( 3 ). Similarly, a failure to increase fat oxidation during one day of 200% overfeeding a diet with 60% calories from fats also predicted weight gain over the period of a year (manuscript in preparation)( 69 ), indicating that impaired metabolic flexibility (or inflexibility) in the context of a high-fat overfeeding diet is a metabolic predictor of weight gain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Determinants of Weight Gain in Humans

Piaggi

2019

One of the fundamental challenges in obesity research is to identify subjects prone to weight gain so that obesity and its comorbidities can be promptly prevented or treated. The principles of thermodynamics as applied to human body energetics demonstrate that susceptibility to weight gain varies among individuals as a result of interindividual differences in energy expenditure and energy intake, two factors that counterbalance one another and determine daily energy balance and, ultimately, body weight change. This review focuses on the variability among individuals in human metabolism that determines weight change. Conflicting results have been reported about the role of interindividual differences in energy metabolism during energy balance in relation to future weight change. However, recent studies have shown that metabolic responses to acute, short‐term dietary interventions that create energy imbalance, such as low‐protein overfeeding or fasting for 24 hours, may reveal the underlying metabolic phenotype that determines the degree of resistance to diet‐induced weight loss or the propensity to spontaneous weight gain over time. Metabolically “thrifty” individuals, characterized by a predilection for saving energy in settings of undernutrition and dietary protein restriction, display a minimal increase in plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 concentrations in response to a low‐protein overfeeding diet and tend to gain more weight over time compared with metabolically “spendthrift” individuals. Similarly, interindividual variability in the causal relationship between energy expenditure and energy intake (“energy sensing”) and in the metabolic response to cold exposure (e.g., brown adipose tissue activation) seems, to some extent, to be indicative of individual propensity to weight gain. Thus, an increased understanding and the clinical characterization of phenotypic differences in energy metabolism among individuals (metabolic profile) may lead to new strategies to prevent weight gain or improve weight‐loss interventions by targeted therapies on the basis of metabolic phenotype and susceptibility to obesity in individual persons.