The dissociation kinetics of deprotonated deoxyribose nucleotide dimers were measured using blackbody infrared radiative dissociation. Experiments were performed with noncovalently bound dimers of phosphate, adenosine (dAMP), cytosine (dCMP), guanosine (dGMP), thymidine (dTMP), and the mixed dimers dAMP · dTMP and dGMP · dCMP. The nucleotide dimers fragment through two parallel pathways, resulting in formation of the individual nucleotide or nucleotide + HPO 3 ion. Master equation modeling of this kinetic data was used to determine threshold dissociation energies. The dissociation energy of (dGMP · dCMP − H) − is much higher than that for the other nucleotide dimers. This indicates that there is a strong interaction between the nucleobases in this dimer, consistent with the existence of Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding between the base pairs. Molecular mechanics simulations indicate that Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding occurs in the lowest energy structures of (dGMP · dCMP − H) − , but not in (dAMP · dTMP − H) − . The trend in gas phase dissociation energies is similar to the trend in binding energies measured in nonaqueous solutions within experimental error. Finally, the acidity ordering of the nucleotides is determined to be dTMP < GMP < CMP < AMP, where dAMP has the highest acidity (largest ΔG acid ).Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful technique for obtaining molecular weights and structural information from biopolymers [1][2][3][4][5]. The application of mass spectrometry methods to the analysis of oligonucleotides has recently been reviewed [4,5]. The base composition of DNA strands can be obtained from accurate mass measurements of double stranded DNA [6]. Sequence information can be obtained from both single and double stranded DNA using tandem mass spectrometry (MS n ) [4,5,[7][8][9]. Using several dissociation methods, McLafferty and co-workers obtained complete sequence information for a 50-mer nucleotide and nearly complete sequence information for a 100-mer [7]. Sequence construction algorithms have been used to determine the primary structure of oligonucleotides up to 20-mers from low energy collisional activation spectra [9]. In combination with solution-phase techniques, such as the Sanger method, MS and MS n have been used to verify sequences of DNA [4]. Mass spectrometry techniques have also been applied to the identification of antisense [10], labeled [11], and posttranscriptionally modified [12] oligonucleotides where other methods are often unsuitable.In ESI, gas-phase ions are formed directly from solution. This makes possible the direct coupling of mass spectrometry to solution-based separation and amplification techniques, such as HPLC or PCR. For example, Muddiman et al. demonstrated that sequence information can be obtained from oligonucleotides after amplification using PCR [13]. Noncovalent complexes are often observed in ESI mass spectra if source conditions are adjusted to minimize collisional activation in the electrospray interface. Many studies o...