Aberrant protamine 1/protamine 2 ratios in sperm of infertile human males

Balhorn, Rod; Reed, Steven I.; Tanphaichitr, Nongnuj

doi:10.1007/bf01960243

Cited by 271 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…As we anticipated, in the present work we have not detected the protamines, and indeed the detection of protamines was not one of our goals. Human protamines contain approximately 50% arginine residues, representing the most basic proteins known in nature [1,5,6,8,43]. Because of their highly positive charge, they are focused at one end of the IEF strip, thus out of the range of pI that we decided to analyze in the present work.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, protamines are insoluble in the presence of SDS, so little protein could be expected to enter the second SDS-PAGE dimension. Protamine identification and analysis has been an extensively studied issue both in normal spermatogenesis and in spermatozoa from infertile patients [6,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]43]. Recently an approach to specifically extract, separate and identify human protamines by MS has been described [8].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many efforts to identify sperm proteins have been directed to the nuclear proteins [1,[5][6][7][8], to identify the proteins required for sperm motility [9][10], and in the understanding of the membrane proteins required for capacitation, egg interaction and fertilization [11]. So far, most of the fundamental knowledge on the sperm protein composition has been gained using conventional protein purification and identification strategies [1-6, 12, 13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far, most of the fundamental knowledge on the sperm protein composition has been gained using conventional protein purification and identification strategies [1-6, 12, 13]. Anomalies of the expression of the most abundant nuclear sperm proteins have been found associated to infertility [6,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. However, the majority of causes of male infertility still remain unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proteomic identification of human sperm proteins

Martínez-Heredia¹,

Estanyol²,

Ballescà³

et al. 2006

Proteomics

228

177

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Conventional 1-DE has in the past provided a wealth of information concerning the major sperm proteins. However, so far there are relatively few reports exploiting the potential of the present proteomic tools to identify and to study additional yet-unidentified important proteins present in human spermatozoa. In the present work, 2-DE of proteins extracted from human normozoospermic spermatozoa led to the resolution of over 1000 spots. Subsequent excision from the gels of 145 spots and MALDI-TOF MS analysis allowed the identification of 98 different proteins. The function of these proteins turned out to be energy production (23%), transcription, protein synthesis, transport, folding and turnover (23%), cell cycle, apoptosis and oxidative stress (10%), signal transduction (8%), cytoskeleton, flagella and cell movement (10%), cell recognition (7%), metabolism (6%) and unknown function (11%). As many as 23% of the proteins identified have not been previously described as being expressed in human spermatozoa. The present data provide an important clue towards determining the function of these proteins and opens up the possibility to perform additional experiments.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Proteomic identification of human sperm proteins

Martínez-Heredia¹,

Estanyol²,

Ballescà³

et al. 2006

Proteomics

228

177

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Even in healthy individuals a significant number of sperm cells (25-40%) have heads with abnormal shape and are believed to be dysfunctional. While there are many factors that may contribute to the production of sperm with abnormal head shapes, a number of studies have provided evidence that abnormal sperm may be linked to improperly packaged chromatin [9,[11][12][13][14]. Sperm head morphology has been established by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the most important criterion to assess the fertility of males.…”

Section: Biophotonicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman spectroscopy of DNA packaging in individual human sperm cells distinguishes normal from abnormal cells

Huser

Orme

Hollars

et al. 2009

Journal of Biophotonics

105

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Healthy human males produce sperm cells of which about 25–40% have abnormal head shapes. Increases in the percentage of sperm exhibiting aberrant sperm head morphologies have been correlated with male infertility, and biochemical studies of pooled sperm have suggested that sperm with abnormal shape may contain DNA that has not been properly repackaged by protamine during spermatid development. We have used micro‐Raman spectroscopy to obtain Raman spectra from individual human sperm cells and examined how differences in the Raman spectra of sperm chromatin correlate with cell shape. We show that Raman spectra of individual sperm cells contain vibrational marker modes that can be used to assess the efficiency of DNA‐packaging for each cell. Raman spectra obtained from sperm cells with normal shape provide evidence that DNA in these sperm is very efficiently packaged. We find, however, that the relative protein content per cell and DNA packaging efficiencies are distributed over a relatively wide range for sperm cells with both normal and abnormal shape. These findings indicate that single cell Raman spectroscopy should be a valuable tool in assessing the quality of sperm cells for in‐vitro fertilization. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

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DNA and total protamine masses in individual sperm from fertile mammalian subjects

et al. 1996

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The total amount of phosphorus and sulfur inside the nuclei of individual bull, stallion, hamster, human, and mouse sperm from fertile subjects has been measured using Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE). Using the sulfur masses, we determined the total protamine (protamine 1 plus protamine 2) mass within the sperm nuclei of each species. Using the phosphorus masses, we determined the DNA mass present within the sperm nuclei of each species. The results reveal that although the relative proportion of protamine 1 to protamine 2 varies among the species examined, the total protamine mass to DNA mass ratio is similar in bull, stallion, hamster, and mouse sperm nuclei. In contrast, mature human sperm nuclei were found to contain significantly less protamine. This observation is consistent with other studies, which suggest that as much as 15% of the DNA in human sperm remain packaged by histones. Using the data obtained for bull sperm, the length of DNA that could be covered by each protamine 1 molecule in bull sperm has been estimated. Making the assumption that the size of the protamine 1 binding site on DNA is similar in the sperm of these species, the length of DNA covered by a single protamine 2 molecule also has been estimated.

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Aberrant protamine 1/protamine 2 ratios in sperm of infertile human males

Cited by 271 publications

References 20 publications

Proteomic identification of human sperm proteins

Proteomic identification of human sperm proteins

Raman spectroscopy of DNA packaging in individual human sperm cells distinguishes normal from abnormal cells

DNA and total protamine masses in individual sperm from fertile mammalian subjects

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