Abdominal obesity in type 2 diabetic patients visiting primary healthcare clinics in Trinidad, West Indies

Abdominal obesity and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes in a Swedish community

“…The relationship between insulin resistance and obesity, and abdominal obesity in particular, is generally well established [24]. However, in patients who have already developed type 2 diabetes we have only found one previous publication on this topic from Trinidad, West Indies [25]. In this study, we revealed significant associations in a population of Caucasians with type 2 diabetes with a very consistent pattern remaining in subgroups of the components included in the metabolic syndrome.…”

A comparative study of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components in type 2 diabetic patients in two Caribbean islands using the new International Diabetes Federation definition

“…There has been a report of poor glycaemic control in the diabetic patients at primary care setting in Trinidad (Ezenwaka & Offiah, 2001b;Ezenwaka, 2003;Ezenwaka & Kalloo, 2004b), and the finding of a similar trend in Tobago patients is not completely surprising given that there is no significant difference in the treatment medications for the patients in the two islands (Table I). In Trinidad and Tobago, diabetic patients obtain their free medical supplies from pharmacies in the public sector and the medications are often similar across the board.…”

“…Details of self-reported ethnic origin, previous medical history and age were directly ascertained from the patients and recorded. Consistent with previous studies (Ezenwaka et al, 1997(Ezenwaka et al, , 2002 waist circumference (cm), at the level of the umbilicus with the patient standing and breathing normally, was obtained by tape measure; weight (kg) using a standard hospital balance and height (m), using a metal rule, were measured (in light clothing, without shoes). Then, a fasting blood sample was collected from each patient.…”

“…Thus, the IDF definition of the MetS has emphasized the importance of abdominal obesity in the development of the syndrome. Although a previous study on type 2 diabetic patients in Trinidad showed a high prevalence rate of central obesity amongst the patients (Ezenwaka & Offiah, 2002), the prevalence of central obesity in Tobago type 2 diabetic patients is unknown. However, previous studies in other developing countries in Africa, India and South America have demonstrated differences in cardiovascular risk factors in subjects living in urban and rural areas (Ezenwaka et al, 1997;Snehalatha et al, 1994;Campos et al, 1992).…”

Magnitude of Obesity, Abdominal Adiposity and their Association with Hypertension and Diabetes- A Cross Sectional Study

“…Furthermore, females had a higher BMI than their male counterparts. Earlier studies in Nigeria [27], Pakistan [31] and Trinidad [32] have revealed a higher female to male obesity preponderance. Among the predisposing factors for obesity and overweight in Nigeria is female gender and age above 40 years [33,34].…”