Abdominal nocardiosis in a Sudanese girl

Salfield, S. A. W.; Duerden, B. I.; Dickson, J. A. S.; Milner, R. D. G.

doi:10.1007/bf00441664

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…can get into the bloodstream and cause infection in any organ, without establishing infection in lung or skin. 8,11,38,42,46,50 In 2 hooded seals and 1 beluga whale with skin lesions, the medical history reveals that the skin lesions were noticed before the respiratory signs (animal Nos. 2, 3, and 17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Pathology of Nocardiosis in Marine Mammals

Leger¹,

Begeman²,

Fleetwood³

et al. 2009

Veterinary Pathology

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Nocardia spp. infections in mammals cause pyogranulomatous lesions in a variety of organs, most typically the lung. Members of the Nocardia asteroides complex are the most frequently recognized pathogens. Nine cases of nocardiosis in free-ranging pinnipeds and 10 cases of nocardiosis in cetaceans were evaluated. Host species included the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata, n 5 8), leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx, n 5 1), Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus, n 5 4), beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas, n 5 4), and killer whale (Orcinus orca, n 5 2). The most common presentation of nocardiosis in both pinnipeds and cetaceans was the systemic form, involving 2 or more organs. Organs most frequently affected were lung and thoracic lymph nodes in 7 of 9 cases in pinnipeds and 8 of 10 cases in cetaceans. Molecular identification and bacterial isolation demonstrated a variety of pathogenic species. N. asteroides, N. farcinica, N. brasiliensis, and N. otitisdiscaviarum are pathogenic for pinnipeds. In cetaceans N. asteroides, N. farcinica, N. brasiliensis, N. cyriacigeorgica, and N. levis are pathogenic. Hematoxylin and eosin and acid fast staining failed to reveal bacteria in every case, whereas modified acid fast and Grocott's methenamine silver consistently demonstrated the characteristic organisms. In both pinnipeds and cetaceans, juvenile animals were affected more often than adults. Hooded seals demonstrated more cases of nocardiosis than other pinnipeds.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Pathology of Nocardiosis in Marine Mammals

Leger¹,

Begeman²,

Fleetwood³

et al. 2009

Veterinary Pathology

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“…In addition, the nocardiae can be introduced into the tissues by trauma or into the bloodstream by accidental inoculation (690). Furthermore, there is evidence suggesting that pulmonary nocardiosis occasionally spreads from the oral cavity (666) or gastrointestinal tract (70,146,147,182,236,313,573) following ingestion of contaminated foods.…”

Section: Pulmonary Nocardiosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Nocardia species: host-parasite relationships

1994

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The nocardiae are bacteria belonging to the aerobic actinomycetes. They are an important part of the normal soil microflora worldwide. The type species, Nocardia asteroides, and N. brasiliensis, N. farcinica, N. otitidiscaviarum, N. nova, and N. transvalensis cause a variety of diseases in both normal and immunocompromised humans and animals. The mechanisms of pathogenesis are complex, not fully understood, and include the capacity to evade or neutralize the myriad microbicidal activities of the host. The relative virulence of N. asteroides correlates with the ability to inhibit phagosome-lysosome fusion in phagocytes; to neutralize phagosomal acidification; to detoxify the microbicidal products of oxidative metabolism; to modify phagocyte function; to grow within phagocytic cells; and to attach to, penetrate, and grow within host cells. Both activated macrophages and immunologically specific T lymphocytes constitute the major mechanisms for host resistance to nocardial infection, whereas B lymphocytes and humoral immunity do not appear to be as important in protecting the host. Thus, the nocardiae are facultative intracellular pathogens that can persist within the host, probably in a cryptic form (L-form), for life. Silent invasion of brain cells by some Nocardia strains can induce neurodegeneration in experimental animals; however, the role of nocardiae in neurodegenerative diseases in humans needs to be investigated.

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“…The brain is the most frequent nonpulmonary site involved in disseminated nocardiosis (167,176,270,427,580), and cerebral nocardiosis is an important cause of cerebral spaceoccupying lesions. However, the infection may also involve many other deep organs, including the kidneys (9,307,466,497,654), spleen (307,654), liver (307,460,484,497,654) and, rarely, bone (10,20,26,139,232,325,327,377,446,487,525,652), skin (71,127,282,416,658), and joints (71,111,123,144,299). In the brain and other organs, abscess formation is a particularly common pathologic manifestation of disseminated nocardiosis (457,657).…”

Section: Epidemiologic Aspects Of Infection In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

The medically important aerobic actinomycetes: epidemiology and microbiology

1994

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The aerobic actinomycetes are soil-inhabiting microorganisms that occur worldwide. In 1888, Nocard first recognized the pathogenic potential of this group of microorganisms. Since then, several aerobic actinomycetes have been a major source of interest for the commercial drug industry and have proved to be extremely useful microorganisms for producing novel antimicrobial agents. They have also been well known as potential veterinary pathogens affecting many different animal species. The medically important aerobic actinomycetes may cause significant morbidity and mortality, in particular in highly susceptible severely immunocompromised patients, including transplant recipients and patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. However, the diagnosis of these infections may be difficult, and effective antimicrobial therapy may be complicated by antimicrobial resistance. The taxonomy of these microorganisms has been problematic. In recent revisions of their classification, new pathogenic species have been recognized. The development of additional and more reliable diagnostic tests and of a standardized method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing and the application of molecular techniques for the diagnosis and subtyping of these microorganisms are needed to better diagnose and treat infected patients and to identify effective control measures for these unusual pathogens. We review the epidemiology and microbiology of the major medically important aerobic actinomycetes.

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Abdominal nocardiosis in a Sudanese girl

Cited by 11 publications

References 7 publications

Comparative Pathology of Nocardiosis in Marine Mammals

Comparative Pathology of Nocardiosis in Marine Mammals

Nocardia species: host-parasite relationships

The medically important aerobic actinomycetes: epidemiology and microbiology

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